SUFI EPISTEMOLOGY: Being the Earliest Exposition in Kitâb al-Luma’ of al-Sarrâj and its Manifestation in the Works of Indonesian Sufis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v17i2.7104Keywords:
Keywords, Kitâb al-Luma’, al-Sarrâj, Sufism, Sufi Epistemology.Abstract
Kitâb al-Luma' fî al-Taṣawwuf of al-Sarrâj (d. 378H./988CE.) is the earliest work in Sufism survived and arrived at us. It did not only record the history of Sufism up to that time but also promoted and placed its position among other disciplines in the history of intellectual and spiritual traditions of Islam. With this work, al-Sarrâj formulated Sufi epistemology in its earliest development. This paper attempts to explore the Sufi epistemology of al-Sarrâj, which will cover the discussion about his classification and hierarchy of knowledge, his analysis of the position of Sufism among other knowledge, and then his elaboration of the methodology of Sufism. Before ending the discussion, the paper will read the works of Indonesian Sufis using Sufi epistemology as a perspective. This study finds that al-Sarrâj was successfully constructed Sufi epistemology in its initial emergence. He placed Sufism as a discipline of knowledge and posed it at the highest level in the structural hierarchy of knowledge. Reading the works of Indonesian Sufis from Sufi epistemology, it appears that in the early days of their birth, these works were colored by the epistemology of philosophical Sufism. It was only later that the epistemology of Sunni Sufism came into existence, and this became more evident in the following periods in the development of Sufism in this country.Downloads
References
Abshor, Muhammad Ulil, “EPISTEMOLOGI IRFANI (Sebuah Tinjauan Kajian Tafsir Sufistik),” Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur’an Dan Tafsir , 3(2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.32505/at-tibyan.v3i2.649;Al-Attas, Syed M. Naquib. Islam and the Philosophy of Science. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 1989._______, The Mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri, Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, May 1966, 382-563.Arberry, A.J. Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam. New York: Harper & Row, Publisher, Inc., 1970.Arif, Syamsuddin. “Sufi Epistemology: Ibn ‘Arabi on Knowledge (‘Ilm).” Afkar. Bil 3, (2002).Asy’ari, Kiai Hasyim, Kumpulan Kitab Karya Hadlratus Syaikh K.H. Muhammad Hasyim Asy’ari. Muhammad Ishom Hadziq (ed.), Jombang: al-Masruriyah, n.d.Aziz, Akhmad Lutfi, “Kiai Shaleh Darat’s Moderate Sufism: Dialectic of Submission, Sincerity and World Affairs in Haża Al-Kitab Matnu Al-Ḥikam,” JURNAL PENELITIAN, Volume 16, Number 1, 2019.Azmiana, Gina Giftia, et. al. “Revitalisasi Tasawuf di Masa Modern,” Jurnal Istek. Vol. VI. No. 1-2 (2012). https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/istek/article/view/287Al-Banjari, Syekh Muhammad Nafis bin Idris, Permata yang Indah (ad-Durrunnafis). Penerjemah Haderanie HN. Surabaya: CV. Nur Ilmu, t.t.Al-Banjari, Shekh Muhammad Arshad, Kanz al-Ma’rifah. n.c.: n.p., n.d.Capra, Fritjof. The Web of Life; A New Understanding of Living System. London: Flamingo, 1997._______. The Turning Point, Science, Society, and Rising Culture. London: Flamingo, 1983chist.Chishti, Muhammad Tanveer Jamal, and Abdul Zahoor Khan. “Approach of The Early Sufis From 10th Century to 12th Century Towards "SAMA",” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 6 No 5 S1 (2015). 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s1p286Chittick, William C. “Epistemology,” in The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of Imagination. Pakistan: Suhail Academy Lahore, 2000.Demirli, Ekrem. “Sufism Becoming a Science of Religion: The Transformation Process of the Tradition of Ummism and Expansion of the Field of Objective Science,” Journal of Balkan Studies, 2021. http://doi.org/10.51331/A002Ephrat, Daphna. “Purifying Sufism: Observations on the Marginalization and Exclusion of Undesirable and Rejected Elements in the Earlier Middle Period (late fourth/tenth to mid-seventh/thirteenth centuries),” AL-QANTARA. XXXV 1 (2014). 10.3989/alqantara.2014.011Fadli, Muhammad Rijal and Ajat Sudrajat, “Keislaman dan Kebangsaan: Telaah Pemikiran KH. Hasyim Asy’ari, Khazanah: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora, Vol. 18 (1), 2020, pp. 109-130. DOI: 10.18592/khazanah.v18i1.3433Halim, Rifqil. “Kritik Terhadap Teori Syathahat Kaum Sufi,” An-Nahdlah, Vol. 1, No. 2 (April 2015). http://journal.stitjembrana.ac.id/index.php/An-Nahdlah/article/view/35/32Al-Hujwîrî, b. Uthmân al-Jullabî ‘Alî. The Kashf al-Maḥjub: The Oldest Persian Treatise on Sufism. Translated by Reynold A. Nicholson. Leyden: E.J. Brill, 1911.Ihsan, Nur Hadi. “Sejarah dan Perkembangan Tarekat di Indonesia,” Jurnal Kalimah, vol. 10, No. 2, September 2012, 195.Al-Jampesi, Syekh Ihsan Muhammad Dahlan, Siraj al-Talibin. n.c.: Dar al-Fikr, n.d., andJohns, A. H. “Tentang Kaum Mistik Islam dan Penulisan Sejarah,” dalam Harry J. Benda et.al. (eds.), Jakarta: Tintamas, 1974, 124 and Nur Hadi Ihsan, ibid.Karamustafa, Ahmet T. Sufism: The Formative Period (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., 2007). https://www.booksfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SUFISM-THE-FORMATIVE-PERIOD-Ahmet-T.-Karamustafa.pdfKhalil, Atif. “Abu Talib al-Makkı & the Nourishment of Hearts (Qut al-qulub) in the Context of Early Sufism,” The Muslim World. Vol. 122, No. 2 (2012). 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01361.xKhanam, Farida. Sufism: an Introduction. New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2009. https://ia800101.us.archive.org/3/items/byDrFaridaKhanam/Sufism-An-Introduction.pdf.Lutfi, “Pemikiran Sufisme Syekh Yusuf al-Makassari dalam Karya-karyanya: Sebuah Penelitian Filologi dan Analisis Isi,” Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif II, Tahun 2014.Mufid, Fatkhul, “Mengenal Epistemologi Ilmu Huduri dalam Tradisi Tasawuf Falsafi,” Esoterik: Jurnal Akhlak dan Tasawuf, vol. 4, no. 1, june 2018 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/esoterik.v4i1.4502.Mukhalik, Ayis. “Human Spirituality Phases in Sufism: The Study of Abu Nasr Al-Sarrâj’s Thought in The Book of al-Luma',” Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism. Vol. 6, No. 1 (2017). 10.21580/tos.v6i1.1699Ni'am, Syamsun, "The Debate of Orthodox Sufism and Philosophical Sufism: The Study of Maqāmāt in the Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn of Shaykh Iḥsān Jampes," Al-Jāmi'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 58, no. 1 (2020), pp.1-34. Doi: 10.14421/ajis.2020.581.1-34Nur, Syaifan. “Epistemologi Sufi dan Tanggungjawab Ilmiah,” KANZ PHILOSOPHIA, Volume 2, Number 1 (June 2012). https://journal.sadra.ac.id/ojs/index.php/kanz/article/view/37/30Polanyi, Michael. Personal Knowledge; Toward a Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge, 1998. https://bibliodarq.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/polanyi-m-personal-knowledge-towards-a-post-critical-philosophy.pdfPrasetyo, Yogi and Absori. “‘Irfâniy as Epistemology Method Sufism Based on Conscience,” Tsaqafah: Jurnal Peradaban Islam, Volume 14, Number 2 (November 2018). https://dx.doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v14i2.1625Qudsi, Arin Shawkat Salamah. “The Idea of Tashabbuh in Sufi Communities and Literature of The Late 6th/12th and Early 7th/13th Century in Baghdad,” AL-QANTARA, XXXII 1 (2011). 10.3989/alqantara.2011.v32.i1.253Renard, John. Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism: Foundations of Islamic Mystical Theology. New York: Paulist Press, 2004._______. The A to Z of Sufism. UK.: The Scarecrow Press Inc., 2009. https://archive.org/details/JohnRenardTheAToZOfSufism/page/n11/mode/2upRidwan, Abdul Mukit. “IBN ‘ARABI; EPISTEMOLOGI DAN KONTROVERSI,” El-Furqania : Jurnal Ushuluddin dan Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 2 No. 01, Februari 2016. http://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/madura/index.php/elfurqania/article/view/1421.Riyadi, Abdul Kadir. “Abu Nasr al-Sarrâj dan Wacana Sufistik Lintas Disiplin Keilmuan.” Teosofi. Vol. 4, No. 2 (December 2014). https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2014.4.2.285-308_______. “Jalan Baru Tasawuf: Kajian tentang Gagasan Abu Bakr al-Kalabazi,” Tsaqafah: Jurnal Peradaban Islam, Vol. II. No. I. (May 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v11i1.252Sambas, Syekh Ahmad Khatib, Fath al-Arifin. n.c.: Khaniqah Khaliliyah Naqshabandiyah Mujaddadiyah, n.d.Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1975. http://fatuma.net.d3.gfns.ru/text/schimmel.pdfSeptiawadi, “Pergolakan Pemikiran Tasawuf di Indonesia: Kajian Tokoh Sufi ar-Raniri,” Kalam: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Pemikiran Islam, Volume 7, Nomor 1, Juni 2013.Shabir, Muslich, “Corak Pemikiran Tasawuf Kyai Saleh Darat Semarang: Kajian Atas Kitab Minhāj Al-Atqiyā’,” International Journal Ihya’ ‘Ulum Al-Din, Vol 19, No 1 (2017). DOI: 10.21580/ihya.18.1.1744.Suwarjin, “Biografi Intelektual Syekh Nawawi al-Bantani,” Tsaqofah & Tarikh, Vol. 2 No. 2 Juli-Desember 2017.Suwondo, Tirto. “Syamsuddin as-Sumatrani (Riwayat, Karya, Ajaran, Kecaman,dan Pembelaannya),” PANGSURA, Jurnal Pengkajian dan Penelitian Sastera Asia Tenggara, Juli-Desember 1998, vol. 4, no. 7, hlm. 49--62.Sway, Mustafa Abu. Al-Ghazzaliyy: A Study in Islamic Epistemology. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1996. https://www.ghazali.org/books/sway.pdfAl-Sarrâj, Abû Nasr ‘Abdallâh ‘Alî. The Kitâb al-Luma’ fî al-Taṣawwuf. Ed. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. Leyden: E. J. Brill, 1914. http://www.sufi.ir/books/download/farsi/sarraj-toosi/al-luma-fi-tasavof-en-ar.pdfAl-Sarrâj, Abû Nasr al-Sarraj. Al-Luma’. Eds. Abd al-Halîm Maḥmûd dan Tâhâ Abd al-Bâqî Surûr. Cairo: Dâr al-Kutub al-Hadîthah, 1960.Wahyudi, “Tafsir sufi: Analisis epistemologi ta'wil al-ghazali dalam kitab jawaahir al-qur'an,” Jurnal ushuluddin, Volume. 26 No. 1, Juni 2018. http://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22821Wahyudi, “Epistemologi Tafsir Sufi al-Ghazali dan Pergeserannya,” Jurnal Theologia, Vol 29, No 1 (2018), 85-108.http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/teo.2018.29.1.2070Yiangou, Wahy. “The Epistemology of Heart-Mind in the Spiritual Teachings of Muhyiddin ibn ‘Arabi,” Kanz Philosophia. Vol. 2, No. 1 (September 2012). https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v2i1.26Zarkasyi, Hamid Fahmy. et.al. “Al-Attas’ Concept of Reality: Empirical and Non-Empirical,” KALAM, vol. 13, no. 2 (December 2019), 113-142. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v13i2.5075
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
Issue
Section
License
The author whose published manuscript approved the following provisions:
- The right of publication of all material published in the journal / published in the Tsaqafah is held by the editorial board with the knowledge of the author (moral rights remain the author of the script).
- The formal legal provisions for access to digital articles of this electronic journal are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which means that Tsaqafah reserves the right to save, transmit media or format, Database), maintain, and publish articles without requesting permission from the Author as long as it keeps the Author's name as the owner of Copyright.
- Printed and electronic published manuscripts are open access for educational, research and library purposes. In addition to these objectives, the editorial board shall not be liable for violations of copyright law.
- It is a serious offense for anyone to publish any article of Tsaqafah without permission.