The Myth of al-Ghazālī and Islamic Decline: A Historical Clarification and Review

Penulis

  • Mahmuluddin Mahmuluddin Universitas Mataram

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v20i2.11563

Kata Kunci:

Penurunan, Al-Ghazālī, Tahafut al-Falasifa, teori sistem dunia, hegemoni Barat

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki penyebab mundurnya ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam, mempertimbangkan tiga tesis konvensional yang diajukan oleh intelektual Muslim liberal dan Barat: faktor internal dan eksternal. Tesis pertama mengatribusikan penurunan tersebut pada penolakan ilmu pengetahuan yang disinyalkan oleh Al-GhazÄlÄ« dalam karyanya TahÄfut al-falÄsifa (Ketidaksesuaian Para Filosof), yang kemudian diikuti oleh dunia Islam, mengakibatkan kemunduran. Sementara itu, tesis kedua mengidentifikasi invasi Mongol ke Baghdad pada tahun 1258 sebagai penyebab utama. Tesis terakhir menyatakan bahwa penurunan disebabkan oleh larangan mesin cetak oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, khususnya pada masa Sultan Bayezid II pada tahun 1485 dan Selim I pada tahun 1515. Dengan menerapkan metode analisis sejarah, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kebenaran di balik tesis-tesis ini dengan memeriksa literatur yang relevan. Hasilnya, secara mengejutkan, menentang asumsi awal. Tesis pertama ditolak karena Al-GhazÄlÄ« sebenarnya tidak menolak ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi justru mendukungnya. Pandangannya disalahpahami oleh para penentangnya. Selain itu, setelah era Al-Ghazali, ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat terus berkembang di dunia Islam. Demikian pula, tesis kedua juga ditolak karena ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat tetap bertahan dan berkembang meskipun invasi Mongol ke Baghdad. Dalam waktu setahun setelah invasi, Observatorium Maragha didirikan di bawah bimbingan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, seorang ilmuwan Muslim terkemuka. Observatorium ini menjadi pusat ilmiah global, memberikan kontribusi signifikan pada bidang matematika dan astronomi. Proposisi terakhir juga ditolak, karena Sultan-sultan Utsmaniyah tidak secara kategoris menolak konsep mesin cetak; sebaliknya, mereka memilih untuk membatasi penggunaannya secara sementara dalam segmen masyarakat tertentu. Tindakan ini dipotret oleh kekhawatiran bahwa akses yang tidak terbatas kepada mesin cetak di kalangan kelompok tertentu dapat menghasilkan dampak politik dan ekonomi yang merugikan bagi komunitas Muslim yang lebih luas. Untuk menawarkan perspektif alternatif, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hegemoni Eropa oleh Janet Abu-Lughod, yang bersumber dari teori sistem dunia Immanuel Wallerstein. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan ini, penulis berargumen bahwa penurunan kemajuan ilmiah di dunia Islam dapat ditelusuri kembali ke hegemoni Barat dan dominasinya atas ranah Muslim.

Unduhan

Data unduhan belum tersedia.

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