Examining Indonesia’s Aggression towards Malaysia over Tari Pendet Dispute in Youtube Comments: The Role of Collective Narcissism

Authors

  • Sarah Pricillia Hendra Universitas Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21111/ejoc.v9i1.9709

Keywords:

netnography, YouTube, collective narcissism, Pendet dance, blind patriotism

Abstract

This study analyses themes that emerged in discussions on YouTube comments by Indonesian regarding the 2009 Pendet Dance controversy. The research uses netnography methods with a qualitative approach. Using Netlytic, corpus was collected from YouTube under 'Malaysian Pendet Dance' keyword. There are 1030 comments gathered from 4 relevant videos. The corpus was selected and eliminated to 52 comments. For comparison, the corpus is divided based on the upload period, marked by the time Discovery Channel apologized to Indonesia. Based on collective narcissism understanding, researcher frames the emerging themes and sub-themes related to the nature of collective narcissism. The themes and sub-themes of the comments were then coded, compared, and projected with the help of NVivo software. The results show that there is a development of stacking narcissism themes across periods. The collective narcissism themes found in the 2009 period were aggressiveness; desire for justification and other nations’ recognition of own culture; prejudice which causes hostility. Meanwhile, during the commentary period from 2010 to present, the same themes are found, with the addition of sub-themes and three new main themes namely the hardship of forgetting old wounds; see oneself as a tortured victim; and radicalism-to which brought another issue. The conflict between the Indonesian and Malaysian began in 1963 in the Borneo conflict and still ongoing. The collective narcissism that Indonesian society displays towards Malaysia is mediated by the ideology of blind patriotism and the perceived threat to the group by external aggression.

References

Ab Ghani, R. H., Abdul Hamid, A. S. B., Paidi, Z. B., Saidon, M. K. B., Hasan, H., Ahmad, K., & Latif, M. (2021, June 30). Malaysia-Indonesia Bilateral Relations: Empirical Study on the Stage of Knowledge of Generation X and Y Indonesia and Malaysia. JICSA (Journal of Islamic Civilization in Southeast Asia), 10(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.24252/jicsa.v10i1.22119

Ab Ghani, Rohani Hj. (2013, October 22). Malaysia-Indonesia: Destined neighbors [Working paper presented at the 7th Malaysia-Indonesia International Seminar, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaya, 22-24 October 2013.]. Universiti Malaya.

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(4), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180403

Ardi, R., & Budiarti, D. (2020, September). The role of religious beliefs and collective narcissism in interreligious contact on university students. Heliyon, 6(9), e04939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04939

Bar-Tal, D. (1996). Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of “The Arab” concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(3–4), 341–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00023-5

Bartl, M., Füller, J., Mühlbacher, H., & Ernst, H. (2012, June 12). A Manager’s Perspective on Virtual Customer Integration for New Product Development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(6), 1031–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00946.x

Block, R. A., Grondin, S., & Zakay, D. (2018). Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories, Methods, and Findings. Timing and Time Perception: Procedures, Measures, &Amp; Applications, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004280205_003

Beneito-Montagut, R. (2011, December). Ethnography goes online: towards a user-centred methodology to research interpersonal communication on the internet. Qualitative Research, 11(6), 716–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794111413368

Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219

Chomsky, N. (1997). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda (The Open Media Pamphlet Series , No 1) (1st ed.). Seven Stories Press.

Chong, J. W. (2012, April). “Mine, Yours or Ours?”: The Indonesia-Malaysia Disputes over Shared Cultural Heritage. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Vol. 27(Number 1), 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/soj.2012.0008

Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., Alexander-Grose, N., & Azevedo, F. (2022, June 10). Understanding Identity Processes in Support for Reactionary and Progressive Social Movements Among Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups: The Role of Collective Narcissism and Secure Ingroup Identity. European Journal of Social Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/94mpc

Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., Gronfeldt, B., & Wojcik, A. D. (2021, September 28). Can ingroup love harm the ingroup? Collective narcissism and objectification of ingroup members. Group Processes &Amp; Intergroup Relations, 25(7), 1718–1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302211038058

Clark, M. (2013, November). The Politics of Heritage. Indonesia and the Malay World, 41(121), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2013.804979

Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.60

Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392

de Figueiredo, R. J. P., & Elkins, Z. (2003). Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00012

Debarbieux, B., Bortolotto, C., Munz, H., & Raziano, C. (2021, February 15). Sharing heritage? Politics and territoriality in UNESCO’s heritage lists. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1854112

Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too Proud to Let Go: Narcissistic Entitlement as a Barrier to Forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894

Golec de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). The Paradox of In-Group Love: Differentiating Collective Narcissism Advances Understanding of the Relationship Between In-Group and Out-Group Attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00779.x

Golec de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1074–1096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016904

Golec de Zavala, A., Guerra, R., & Simão, C. (2017, November 27). The Relationship between the Brexit Vote and Individual Predictors of Prejudice: Collective Narcissism, Right Wing Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02023

Golec de Zavala, A., & Keenan, O. (2020, July 6). Collective narcissism as a framework for understanding populism. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 5(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.69

Golec de Zavala, A. G. (2022, September). Conditional Parochial Vicarious Ostracism: Gender Collective Narcissism Predicts Distress at the Exclusion of the Gender Ingroup in Women and Men. Sex Roles, 87(5–6), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01315-z

Golec de Zavala, A., Peker, M., Guerra, R., & Baran, T. (2016, November). Collective Narcissism Predicts Hypersensitivity to In–group Insult and Direct and Indirect Retaliatory Intergroup Hostility. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 532–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2067

Guerra, R., Golec de Zavala, A., Federico, C. M., Sedikides, C., Lantos, D., Mroziński, B., Cypryańska, M., & Baran, T. (2020). Low self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism, but this relationship is obscured by in-group satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000260

Hase, A., Behnke, M., Mazurkiewicz, M., Wieteska, K. K., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2021). Distress and retaliatory aggression in response to witnessing intergroup exclusion are greater on higher levels of collective narcissism. Psychophysiology, 58(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13879

Hicks, R. E., Miller, G. W., & Kinsbourne, M. (1976). Prospective and Retrospective Judgments of Time as a Function of Amount of Information Processed. The American Journal of Psychology, 89(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.2307/1421469

Hine, C. M. (2000, June 22). Virtual Ethnography (First). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Ihsan, D. (2021, September 21). Mahasiswa UGM Teliti Sentimen Negatif Indonesia-Malaysia, Ini Hasilnya Halaman all - Kompas.com. KOMPAS.Com. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2021/09/21/192947971/mahasiswa-ugm-teliti-sentimen-negatif-indonesia-malaysia-ini-hasilnya?page=all

Istiqomah, A. N. (n.d.). Respon Indonesia atas Klaim Tari Pendet oleh Malaysia [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.

Jordan, C.H., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2005). Types of high self-esteem and prejudice: how implicit self-esteem relates to ethnic discrimination among high explicit self-esteem individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(5), 693-702.

Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(6), 1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.1013

Kompas Cyber Media. (2009, September 18). Malaysia Tegaskan Tari Pendet Milik Indonesia. KOMPAS.com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/09/18/07002744/%7EInternasional%7ENews

Kozinets, R., V., & Gambetti, R. (2020, December 30). Netnography Unlimited: Understanding Technoculture using Qualitative Social Media Research (1st ed.). Routledge.

Kozinets, R. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online (1st ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Kozinets, R. (2015). Netnography: Redefined (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Kozinets, R. (2020). Netnography: The Essential Guide to Qualitative Social Media Research (Third). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Maksum, A. (2018, June 7). Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) dan Hubungan Indonesia-Malaysia Era Jokowi. Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations, 2(1), 01. https://doi.org/10.22303/pir.2.1.2017.01-22

Meng, L. Y., & Karulus, Y. (2019, June 29). The Indonesia-Malaysia Cultural Heritage Disputes: A Case Study of the Pendet Dance and Rasa Sayange Folk Song. MANU Jurnal Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa (PPIB). https://doi.org/10.51200/manu.v0i0.1880

Osborne, D., Jost, J. T., Becker, J. C., Badaan, V., & Sibley, C. G. (2019). Protesting to challenge or defend the system? A system justification perspective on collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 244–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2522

Reicher, S., & Ulusahin, Y. (2020). Resentment and Redemption. The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood, 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875190.003.0013

Schatz, R. T., & Staub, E. (1997). Manifestations of blind and constructive patriotism: Personality correlates and individual–group relations. Patriotism: In the Lives of Individuals and Nations, 229–246.

Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., & Lavine, H. (1999). On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind Versus Constructive Patriotism. Political Psychology, 20(1), 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00140

Schier, H. E., & Linsenmeyer, W. R. (2019, January 1). Nutrition-Related Messages Shared Among the Online Transgender Community: A Netnography of YouTube Vloggers. Transgender Health, 4(1), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2019.0048

Schuman, D. L., Lawrence, K. A., & Pope, N. (2018, September 10). Broadcasting War Trauma: An Exploratory Netnography of Veterans’ YouTube Vlogs. Qualitative Health Research, 29(3), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318797623

Selvanathan, H. P., Lickel, B., & Jetten, J. (2020). Collective psychological ownership and the rise of reactionary counter‐movements defending the status quo. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(2), 587–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12418

Stanyer, J., & Mihelj, S. (2016, March 22). Taking Time Seriously? Theorizing and Researching Change in Communication and Media Studies. Journal of Communication, 66(2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12218

Szczepańska, D., Marchlewska, M., Karakula, A., Molenda, Z., Górska, P., & Rogoza, M. (2022, July). Dedicated to Nation but Against Women? National Narcissism Predicts Support for Anti-Abortion Laws in Poland. Sex Roles, 87(1–2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01303-3

Zacharias, M. E., Saldaña, J., & Saldana, J. (2002). Longitudinal Qualitative Research: Analyzing Change through Time. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne De L’éducation, 27(2/3), 341. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602237

Downloads

Published

2024-06-28

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024): ETTISAL : Journal of Communication

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 ETTISAL : Journal of Communication

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

In order to be accepted and published by Ettisal : Journal of Communication, author(s) submitting the article manuscript should complete all the review stages. By submitting the manuscript the author(s) agreed to these following terms:

1.   The copyright of received articles shall be assigned to [Ettisal : Journal of Communication] as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish articles in various forms (including reprints). [Ettisal : Journal of Communication] maintain the publishing rights to the published articles.

2.   Authors are permitted to disseminate published article by sharing the link/DOI of the article at [Ettisal : Journal of Communication]. authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from [Ettisal : Journal of Communication] with an acknowledgement of initial publication to this journal.

3.   Users/public use of this website will be licensed to CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution & Non-Commercial-ShareAlike)