Ta‘ālīm Aḥmad Khatīb al-Sambāsī al-Ṣūfiyyah fī al-Ṭarīqah al-Qādiriyyah wa al-Naqsyabandiyyah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v9i1.12893The Sufi Thought of Ahmad Khatib al-Sambasi in Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqshabandiyah (TQN)
Keywords:
Abstract
This article explores the Sufi thought of Ahmad Khatib al-Sambasi, an influential 19th-century Nusantara Sufi, and the characteristics of his Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqshabandiyah (TQN). Using a qualitative approach and library research methodology, the study analyzes al-Sambasi's works, particularly Fatḥ al-‘Ārifīn, alongside secondary literature on TQN and Sufism. The research employs documentation for data collection and content analysis for interpretation. Findings reveal that al-Sambasi developed a comprehensive spiritual system grounded in tauḥīd and ma‘rifah, featuring systematic dzikr methods and spiritual practices. His teachings successfully integrate Syarī‘ah and Ḥaqīqah, emphasizing a balance between exoteric and esoteric dimensions. The TQN's distinctive features include a hierarchical structure, specific rituals like bai‘at and talqīn dzikr, and strict ethical guidelines for followers. Al-Sambasi's significant contribution lies in adapting classical Sufism to the Nusantara context, fostering widespread acceptance in the region. The study concludes that al-Sambasi's thought offers a balanced and comprehensive spirituality model, relevant both in his time and in contemporary Islamic spirituality.References
Abdullah, Hawash. Perkembangan Ilmu Tasawuf Dan Tokoh-Tokohnya Di Nusantara. Surabaya: Al Ikhlas, 1980.
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised Among the Malays. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2020.
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad. Iḥyā’ Ulūm Al-Dīn. Jeddah: Dar al-Manhaj, 2011.
Al-Sambasi, Ahmad Khatib. Fatḥ Al-‘Ārifīn. Surabaya: Bungkul Indah, n.d.
———. Fatḥ Al-‘Ārifīn. Edited by Terj. Ahmad Fahmi bin Zamzam. Banjarbaru: Darussalam Yasin, 2010.
Amin, Samsul Munir. Ilmu Tasawuf. Edited by Achmad Zirzis and Nur Laily. 1st ed. Jakarta: Amzah, 2012.
Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. 1st ed. London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
Azra, Azyumardi. Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah Dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII Dan XVIII; Akar Pembaruan Islam Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana, 2013.
Bruinessen, Martin van. Kitab Kuning, Pesantren, Dan Tarekat: Tradisi-Tradisi Islam Di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.
———. “Sufism and the ‘Modern’ in Islam.” In Sufism and the “Modern” in Islam, edited by Martin van Bruinessen and Julia Day Howell. Bloomsbury Academic, 2007.
———. Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Di Indonesia. 3rd ed. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.
———. “The Origins and Development of Ṣūfī Orders (Tarekat) in Southeast Asia.” Studia Islamika 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2014). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v1i1.864.
Buehler, Arthur F. Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh. United States of America: University of South Carolina Press, 2022.
———. “Sufi Leadership and the Moral Fabric of Indonesian Islamic Organizations.” Journal of Islamic Studies 29, no. 2 (2018).
Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd ed. United States: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Chittick, William. Sufism: A Short Introduction. England: One World Publications, 2000.
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai Dan Visinya Mengenai Masa Depan Indonesia. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1994.
Fahham, Achmad Muchaddam. “Pengaruh Pengamalan Zikir Tarekat Qadiriyyah Naqsyabandiyyah Terhadap Kecerdasan Spiritual.” Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan 35, no. 1 (n.d.).
Fathurahman, Oman. Tarekat Syattariyah Di Minangkabau. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group, 2008.
Foltz, Richard M. Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Cultures. Oxford: One world Publications, 2006. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i2.1556.
Frager, Robert. Heart, Self, and Soul: The Sufi Psychology of Growth, Balance, and Harmony. United States of America: Quest Books, Theosophical Publishing House, 1999.
Geoffroy, Eric. Introduction to Sufism: The Inner Path of Islam. United States of America: World Wisdom, 2010.
Held, David, Anthony McGrew, Davidblatt Gold, and Jonathan Perraton. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Hermansen, Marcia. “Literary Productions of Western Sufi Movements.” In Sufism in the West, edited by Jamal Malik and John Hinnells, 1st ed., 1–224. London: Routledge, 2006. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203087206.
Howell, Julia Day. “‘Calling’ and ‘Training’: Role Innovation and Religious De-Differentiation in Commercialised Indonesian Islam.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 28, no. 3 (October 2013): 401–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2013.831650.
———. “Sufism and the Indonesian Islamic Revival.” The Journal of Asian Studies 60, no. 3 (August 26, 2001): 701–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2700107.
Huda, Sokhi. Tasawuf Kultural: Fenomena Shalawat Wahidiyah. Edited by Moh. Ahsin. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1218034.
Irawan, Dedy. “Tasawuf Sebagai Solusi Krisis Manusia Modern: Analisis Pemikiran Seyyed Hossein Nasr.” Tasfiyah 3, no. 1 (2019): 41. https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v3i1.2981.
Jahja, M.Zurkani. “Asal-Usul Tarekat Qadiriyyah Wa Naqsyabandiyyah Dan Perkembangannya.” In Thoriqot Qodiriyyah Naqsyabandiyyah, edited by Harun Nasution. Tasikmalaya: IAILM, 1990.
Knysh, Alexander. Sufism: A New History of Islamic Mysticism. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 2017.
Koenig, Harold G. Religion and Mental Health: Research and Clinical Applications. London: Academic Press, 2018.
Laffan, Michael. The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past. United States: Princeton University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145303.001.0001.
Milani, Milad, and Adam Possamai. “The Nimatullahiya and Naqshbandiya Sufi Orders on the Internet: The Cyber-Construction of Tradition and the McDonaldisation of Spirituality.” Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 26, no. 1 (August 9, 2013): 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1558/arsr.v26i1.51.
Mudin, Moh. Isom, Nabila Huringiin, Mohamed Hedi Ouannes, and Tuğba Türkoğlu. “Al-Taṣawwuf Wa Azmah Al-Mustadāmah: Muqārabah Muta’addidah Al-Takhaṣṣuṣāt Li Idārah Al-Nufāyāt Fī Indonesia Mustawḥāt Min Mafhūm Al-Khilāfah Fī Rasāil Al-Nūr.” Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2024): 355–82. https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v8i2.12215.
Mulyati, Sri. Mengenal Dan Memahami Tarekat-Tarekat Muktabaroh Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana, 2006.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “The Quran as the Foundation of Islamic Spirituality.” In Islamic Spirituality: Foundations, edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.
Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. 1st ed. London: SAGE Publications, 1992.
Rozehnal, Robert. Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Saleh, Malikus, Muhammad Ichsan, and Hujjatul Islam Musthafa Abdurrahman Faiz Izzatullah. “Da’wah Al-Ṣūfiyyah Wa Taṭawwur Al-Islām Fī Indonesia: Dirāsah Ḥaula Ta’tsīr Wa Musāhamah ‘Ulamā’ Al-Ṣūfiyyah Fī Ta’zīz Al-Qiyam Al-Islāmiyyah Wa Nashrihā.” Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 7, no. 2 (August 20, 2023): 289–316. https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v7i2.10188.
Salvatore, Armando. The Sociology of Islam: Knowledge, Power and Civility. Amerika Serikat: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
Sayeed, S A. “The Relevance of Tasawwuf in the Modern Age.” Journal of Islamic Studies 31, no. 2 (2020).
Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Sedgwick, Mark. Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Solihin, M. Sejarah Dan Pemikiran Tasawuf Di Indonesia. Edited by Maman Abd. Djaliel. 1st ed. Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2001.
Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. United States of America: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Thohir, Ajid. Gerakan Politik Kaum Tarekat: Telaah Historis Gerakan Politik Antikolonialisme Tarekat Qadiriyah-Naqsyabandiyah Di Pulau Jawa. Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 2002.
Tjandrasasmita, Uka. Arkeologi Islam Nusantara. Edited by Tati Hartimah, Abdul Chair, Testriono, Olman Dahuri, and Setyadi Sulaiman. 1st ed. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 2009.
Tomlinson, J. Globalization and Culture. Amerika Serikat: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Trimingham, J. Spencer. The Sufi Orders in Islam. Britania Raya: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. “The Spread of True and False News Online.” Science 359, no. 6380 (March 9, 2018): 1146–51. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559.
Werbner, Pnina. Pilgrims of Love: The Anthropology of a Global Sufi Cult. London: C. Hurst & Co (Publishers) Ltd., 2003.
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The copyright of received articles shall be assigned to Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish articles in various forms (including reprints). Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam maintain the publishing rights to the published articles.
- Authors are permitted to disseminate published article by sharing the link/DOI of the article at Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam. authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam with an acknowledgement of initial publication to this journal.
- Users/public use of this website will be licensed to CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution & Non-Commercial-ShareAlike)
