Insan Kamil and Homo Deus: A Pinnacle of Human Existence in the Digital Era

Mohamad Khusnial Muhtar; Ahmad Firdaus  Bin Mohd Zailani

doi:10.21111/tasfiyah.v8i1.11482

Authors

Mohamad Khusnial Muhtar UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Ahmad Firdaus Bin Mohd Zailani Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8362-5885

Keywords:

Digital Anthropology

Homo Deus

Insan Kamil

Muhammad Iqbal

Abstract

The human civilization in the current digital era is marked by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and reflective thought on human existence. This article aims to examine and to compare the pinnacle of human existence in the digital era from the perspectives of Muhammad Iqbal and digital anthropology. The issues discussed are the concepts of Insan Kamil in Iqbal and Homo Deus in digital anthropology, as well as the similarities and differences. The method used is library research with philosophical approach. The data obtained is analyzed qualitatively and comparatively. The results of this article include: the pinnacle of human existence, in Iqbal’s perspective, is understood as Insan Kamil, which is the best representation of divine vicegerent. Meanwhile, in digital anthropology, it can be understood as Homo Deus, which is human surpassing traditional biological limitations and approaching divine characteristics. Both perspectives share similarities in motivation to enhance well-being of humanity, recognizing evolution of human life, understanding the unlimited potential of each individual, and emphasizing the importance of obedience to laws and ethics. Whereas the differences emerge in applicability, religious aspects, achievement foundations, views on God, and the stance on digital technology use. Practically, this discussion raises indecision among practitioners due to the development and utilization of technology clearly separating these concepts. The recommendation for further research is alternative theories that bridge these intersecting ideas.

References

Abdillah, Aam, and A. Bachrun Rifai. ‘Perkembangan Pemikiran Konsep Pendidikan Diri dalam Perspektif Tasawuf Muhammad Iqbal’. Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam 16, no. 1 (June 2019).

Altuner, İLyas. ‘The Philosophy of the Self in Muhammad Iqbal’. Entelekya Logico-Metaphysical Review 6, no. 2 (November 2022).

Belvage, Rio Heykhal. ‘Budaya Manusia Digital’. Jurnal Ranah 2, no. 1 (2012).

Dar, Mohsin Afzal, and Muhammad Iqbal. ‘Iqbal’s Concept of Insan-i-Kamil or Mard-i-Momin (Perfect Man)’ 6, no. 2 (2023).

Firdaus, Abdullah. ‘Konsep Khudi Dalam Ranah Sosial Dan Agama’. TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin 15, no. 2 (Desember 2016).

Gatt, Lucilla, Ilaria Amelia Caggiano, Emiliano Troisi, Livia Aulino, Davide Silvio D’Aloia, and Luigi Izzo. ‘BCI Devices and Their Capacity to Express Human Will Having Legal Value: A Model of Risk-Based Classification’. European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies, no. 1 (2022).

Ghozi, Ahmad. ‘Kekuatan Karya Sastra Muhammad Iqbal dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Masyarakat Islam India’. El-Qudwah: Jurnal Integrasi Sains dan Islam 4, no. 5 (2013).

Harari, Yuval Noah. Homo Deus: Masa Depan Umat Manusia. Tangerang: Pustaka Alvabet, 2018.

———. Sapiens: Riwayat Singkat Umat Manusia. Tangerang: Pustaka Alvabet, 2017.

Hardiman, F. Budi. ‘Manusia Dalam Prahara Revolusi Digital’. DISKURSUS: Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi 17, no. 2 (October 2018).

Imamudah, Ilzami. ‘Insan Kamil dalam Perspektif Muhammad Iqbal dan Relevansinya bagi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Insani’. UIN Raden Intan, 2018.

Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. California: Stanford University Press, 2013.

———. The Secrets of the Self. London: Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1920.

Ja’far, Suhermanto. ‘Konsep Iqbal tentang Metafisika’. Universitas Indonesia, 2003.

———. ‘Panenteisme dalam Pemikiran Teologi Metafisik Moh. Iqbal’. Jurnal Kalam 6, no. 2 (February 2017).

Jung, Daekyung. ‘Transhumanism and Theological Anthropology: A Theological Examination of Transhumanism’. Neue Zeitschrift Für Systematische Theologie Und Religionsphilosophie 64, no. 2 (2022).

Kaswan, Kuldeep Singh, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Anupam Baliyan, and Shalli Rani. CYBORG: Human and Machine Communication Paradigm. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023.

Katritsis, Demosthenes G. ‘In Search of Homo Deus’. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 9, no. 3 (2020).

Khuza’i, Rodliyah. ‘Pemikiran Politik Mohammad Iqbal’. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 19, no. 2 (2003).

Kurniawan, Asep. ‘Filsafat Islam Metafisika Muhammad Iqbal tentang Tuhan sebagai Ego’. Jurnal Yaqzhan: Analisis Filsafat, Agama dan Kemanusiaan 3, no. 1 (June 2017).

Kurzweil, Ray. The Singualrity Is Near. New York: Viking Penguin, 2005.

Kusdani. ‘Konsep Insan al-Kamil Menurut Muhammad Iqbal dan Implikasinya terhadap Pendidikan Islam’. UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim, 2009.

Lidinillah, Musthofa Anshori. ‘Agama dan Aktualisasi Diri dalam Perspektif Iqbal’. Jurnal Filsafat 10, no. 2 (2000).

Maulida, Syazna, and Suhermanto Ja’far. ‘Islam And Homo Deus in Anthropocentric Theology: A Religious Challenge in the Future’. TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin 21, no. 1 (2022).

Mudgal, Shiv Kumar, Suresh K Sharma, Jitender Chaturvedi, and Anil Sharma. ‘Brain Computer Interface Advancement in Neurosciences: Applications and Issues’. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 20 (June 2020).

Naseem Akhter, Shumaila Rafiq. ‘Analytical Study Of The Allama Iqbal Philosophy Of Perfect Man Under The Light Of Islamic Concept’. Multicultural Education 8, no. 5 (June 2022).

Ramoğlu, Muhammet. ‘Cyborg-Computer Interaction: Designing New Senses’. The Design Journal 22, no. 1 (2019).

Rao, Rajesh P N. Brain-Computer Interfacing: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Roswantoro, Alim. Gagasan Manusia Otentik Dalam Eksistensialisme Religius Muhammad Iqbal. Yogyakarta: Idea Press, 2009.

Swaradesy, Rufus Goang. ‘Hubungan Manusia dan Teknologi dalam Tinjauan Filsafat Teknologi Don Ihde (Studi Film Say Hello to Yellow Karya BW Purba Negara)’. LAYAR: Jurnal Ilmiah Seni Media Rekam 8, no. 1 (2021).

Ulfa, Maria. ‘MANUSIA SUPER (Study Komparatif Perspektif Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche dan Muhammad Iqbal)’. Program Studi Filsafat Islam UIN Walisongo, 2009.

Virilio, Paul. Politics of the Very Worst. New York: Semiotext(e), 1999.

Zulkarnain. ‘Filsafat Khudi Mohammad Iqbal dan Relevansinya terhadap Masalah Keindonesiaan Kontemporer’. Thesis, UIN Sumatera Utara, 2016.