The Concept of Religious Moderation: Debates and Implications

Abstract

This paper examines the concept of religious moderation in Indonesia by critically examining its conceptual trajectory, socio-political reception, and theological implications in contemporary religious discourse. Using qualitative content analysis of relevant literature, this study explores how religious moderation is constructed, promoted and debated in various socio-religious contexts. The findings show that while the state-driven promotion of moderation aims to strengthen tolerance and national unity, it also triggers criticism regarding perceived alignment with Western liberal values as well as the potential blurring of doctrinal authenticity. The research highlights that theological concerns-particularly those related to truth claims, relativism and the politicization of religion-remain at the core of the discourse. Despite the tensions, religious moderation is also accepted by many as a normative idea in maintaining national harmony with the principles of justice, balance and diversity. The author argues that religious moderation in Indonesia must be based on a theological framework that is coherent and responsive to the complexities of Indonesia's plural society so that religious moderation can be sustainable and credible.