The Ritual of Azazel in the Jewish Tradition and Osu Caste System in Igbo Tradition: Any Nexus?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21111/jcsr.v5i2.13053Abstract
In today’s African society, there is a sudden surge in interest in Indigenous African Spiritualities (IAS). This interest is mainly among the youth. This surge seems to come face to face with the Judeo-Christian tradition which has taken strong root in Africa. In some cases, the return to IAS seems to challenge the long-age accepted teachings and dogmas of the Judeo-Christian faith. This return to IAS is because of the feeling of the youth that the Judeo-Christian faith does not address some of their pressing needs like issues of insecurity, the question of theodicy, financial issues, etc. When they read through the scriptures of the Judeo-Christian tradition, they fail to see much connection between what these scriptures teach and the accepted beliefs of IAS. The paper argues for a connection between the teachings of the Jewish scriptures and IAS in one core aspect. It adopts a historical and cross-cultural methodology to come to the conclusion that the Azazel ritual of the Jewish Testament has a counterpart in the Osu caste system of the traditional Igbo religion. This is especially so in the propitiatory function of the two rituals.References
Amadife, C. “The Culture That Must Die.†Sunday Times. 1988.
Amalu Nneka Sophie, Yusuf Abdullahi and Ekong Demson “Caste Conflict in Nigeria: The Osu/Diala Experience in Igboland, 1900-2017,†Global Journal of Social Sciences vol. 20 (2021)
Andreasen N. A., Atonement/Expiation in the Old Testament. Lutterworth Dictionary of the Bible. W. E. Mills (ed). Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press, 1994.
Arinze Egbe Justin, “The Osu Caste System and the Problem of Alienation: A Philosophical Analysis,†OWIJOPPA vol. 6, no. 2 (2022)
Barreto, Raimundo C., Decoloniality and Interculturality in World Christianity: A Latin American Perspective. ResearchGate, 2020.
Basden, G. T., Among the Igbos of Southern Nigeria. London: Frank and Cass, 1966.
B. L. Berg, B. L and H. Lune, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences 8th Edition. Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2012.
Bergmann, M. S. In the Shadow of Moloch: The Sacrifice of Children and its Impact on Western Religions. New York: Columbia University Press.
Brandon G. F (ed). “Azazel,†in A Dictionary of Comparative Religion. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970.
Carrigan, L., “Mercy-seat,†in The Lutterworth Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by W. E. Mills. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press, 1990.
Cheyne, T. K., “The Date and Origin of the Ritual of the ‘Scapegoat,’â€ZAW 15 (1895)
Davies G. H., “Mercy-seat.†IDB 3. G. A. Buttrick (ed.). New York: Abingdon Press, 1962.
De Vaux R., Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. London: Darton, Longman, and Todd,
Driver, G. R., “Azazel,†in: Dictionary of the Bible, vol. I, (ed. Davis, J. D.). Philadelphia: The Westminster press, 1923.
Elena, Torou, Akrivi Katifori, Costas Vassilakis, George Lepouras, Constantin Halatsis,
“Historical Research in Archives: User Methodology and Supporting Tools,†International Journal on Digital Libraries vol. 11 (2010).
Faley, R. J., Leviticus. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. R. E. Brown (ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hill, 1968.
Flavius Josephus: With an English Trans., LCL, IV-IX Jewish Antiquities, H. St. J. Thackeray et al (trans.). Mass:/London, 1961–1969.
Gaster T. H., “Azazel†in The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. vol. 1. G. A. Buttrick (ed). New York: Abingdon Press, 1962.
Hartley J. E., Leviticus. Word Biblical Commentary. B. M. Metzger (ed). Dallas: Word Books, 1992.
Hastings J., (ed). “Azazel†in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. vol 2. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1974.
Heinisch P., Theology of the Old Testament. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1955.
Igbo, Philip. M., Introduction to the Old Testament Books and Pseudepigrapha. Enugu: San
Press, 2020.
Igbo, Philip M., Basic Themes in Old Testament Studies. Owerri: Claretian Publications, 2021.
Igwebuike, Romeo, O., The Osu Concept in Igboland: A Study of the Types of Slavery in Igbo-Speaking Areas of Nigeria. Enugu: Access Publishers, 1986.
Ilesanmi Oluwatoyin Olatundun, “What Is Cross-cultural Research†International Journal of Psychological Studies, vol. 1, no 2 (2009).
Ilogu, E., Christianity and Igbo Culture. Netherlands: Brill Archive, 1974.
Jinehu, E. D., The Osu Caste in our Society. Enugu: Toronto Group, 1981.
Kellogg, Samuel H., The Book of Leviticus. London: Paternoster, 1906.
Langton, E., Essentials of Demonology: A Study of Jewish and Christian Doctrine, Its Origin and Development. Michigan: Epworth Press, 1949.
Loehr, M., “Das Ritual von Lev. 16:Untersuchungen zum Hexateuchproblem III.†Schriften der Könisberger Gelehrten Gesellschaft, 1925.
Meyrick, F., Pulpit Commentary, (Vol. II) Leviticus, Numbers. Grand Rapids: MI, Baker Book House, 1985.
Milgrom, J., The Book of Leviticus. The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible. C. M. Laymon (ed). Nashville: Abingdon,1971.
Mocklem, N., The Book of Leviticus. The Interpreter’s Bible. vol. 2. G. A. Buttrick (ed). New York: Abingdon Press, 1953.
Müller, L., “Christians in Africa,†in The Bloomsbury Handbook to studying Christians. Bloomsbury, 2019, 151–157.
Myers A. L. (ed). “Azazel†in The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
Nickelsburg, G. E. W., “Enoch, First Book of,†in Anchor Bible Dictionary. vol. 2. D. N. Freedman (ed). New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Ndiukwu, Aloysius A., Authenticity of Belief in African (Igbo) Traditional Religion: A Critical
Appraisal of Christian Faith. Frankfurt am Maim: Peter Lang, 2014.
Nnadi Peter Chukwuka, “Unveiling the Shadows: A Critical Analysis of the Osu Caste System in Eastern Nigeria,†Master’s Thesis (Faculty of Social Studies: Masarykova Univerzita, 2024).
Noveck S. (ed). Contemporary Jewish Thought. New Jersey: B'nai B'rith Books, 1955.
Ogbaa, Kalu, Understanding Things Fall Apart: A Student Casebook to Issues and Historical Documents Wesport: Greenwood Press, 1999.
Okafor, J. N., The Challenge of the Osu Caste System to the Igbo Christians. Onitsha: Veritas, 1993.
Okorie Cletus P. A., Priesthood in Igbo Traditional Religion. Bonn: St. Ottilien EOS-Verlag, 1998.
Onyenali, R., Demonic Possession and Exorcism: A Religio-Historical Study. Enugu: Clacom, 2019.
Onwubiko, O. A., Facing the Osu Issue in the African Synod (A Personal Response). Enugu: Snaap Press, 1993.
Onwubuariri, F., “Appraising the Osu caste system in Igboland within the context of complementary reflection†Igwebuike: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2 no. 4 (2016).
Pinker, A., “A Goat to go to Azazel,†Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, vol. 7 (2007). https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/5650/4703
Porter J. R., Leviticus. The Cambridge Bible Commentary. P. R. Ackroyd (ed). Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1976.
Snaith N. H (ed). Leviticus and numbers. The Century Bible. New Edition. London: Thomas Nelson, 1967.
Turner, W. A., Leviticus. Collegeville Bible Commentary. Bandra, Mumbai: St Pauls, 2001.
Udoye, Edwin A., Resolving the prevailing Conflicts between Christianity and African (Igbo) Traditional Religion through Inculturation. Wien/Berlin: Lit, 2011.
Uzor, Peter C., The Traditional African Concept of God and the Christian Concept of God: Chukwu bu Ndu, God is Life: The Igbo Perspective. Frankfurt am Maim: Peter Lang, 2004.
Wright, D. P. “Azazel,†in The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol 1. D. N. Freedman (ed). New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author whose published manuscript approved the following provisions:Â
The right of publication of all material published in the journal / published in the JCSR is held by the editorial board with the knowledge of the author (moral rights remain the author of the script).
The formal legal provisions for access to digital articles of this electronic journal are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which means that JCSR reserves the right to save, transmit media or format, Database), maintain, and publish articles without requesting permission from the Author as long as it keeps the Author's name as the owner of Copyright.
Printed and electronic published manuscripts are open access for educational, research and library purposes. In addition to these objectives, the editorial board shall not be liable for violations of copyright law.


2.png)