Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Non-Muslim Dalam Perspektif Fikih Siyasah
Analisa Qanun Aceh Nomor. 8 tahun 2015 Tentang Pembinaan Dan Perlindungan Aqidah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21111/ijtihad.v19i2.15114Keywords:
Aceh Qanun, Non-Muslims, Human Rights, Fiqh SiyasahAbstract
This article aims to analyze the fulfillment of non-Muslim rights in the implementation of Islamic Syariah Qanun in Aceh, particularly regarding dress regulations and restrictions during the month of Ramadan. This study is significant as it highlights the tension between positive legal norms that guarantee freedom of religion and social practices that tend to pressure non-Muslims to conform to the majority’s rules. The research employs a qualitative approach with a normative juridical method, focusing on the analysis of legislation, court decisions, and academic literature at both national and international levels. The findings indicate that, normatively, non-Muslims are not bound by the obligation to comply with syariah-based qanun. However, in practice, they are still affected by social pressures and legal interpretations prevailing within society. This reveals a gap between constitutional guarantees and social realities on the ground. From the perspective of fiqh siyasah, the principles of al-ʿadālah (justice), lā ikrāha fī al-dīn (no compulsion in religion), and al-taʿāyush al-silmī (peaceful coexistence) should serve as the foundation for implementing Islamic law, so that law can function as an instrument of substantive justice. In conclusion, the protection of non-Muslim rights in Aceh would be better ensured if the implementation of the qanun were carried out in a persuasive and dialogical manner, in line with the objectives of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah.References
-. “Hasil Wawancara Lapangan Dengan Perwakilan Komunitas Non-Muslim Di Banda Aceh.” Banda Aceh, n.d.
Abdul Hamid, Ahmad Fauzi. “Implementing Islamic Dress Code in Malaysia: Legal and Social Dimensions.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 13, no. 2 (2018): 245–67.
———. “Ramadan and Religious Minorities in Malaysia: Between Law and Social Norms.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 14, no. 1 (2019): 55–57.
Aceh, Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Perwakilan. “Laporan Tahunan 2021: Penegakan Syariat Islam Dan Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Minoritas.” Banda Aceh: ORI Aceh, 2022.
Aceh, Pemerintah Kota Banda. “Surat Edaran Wali Kota Nomor 451/2022 Tentang Penutupan Warung Makan Siang Hari Ramadhan.” Banda Aceh, n.d.
Afrianty, Dina. “Local Politics and Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: The Case of Aceh.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 14, no. 2 (2019): 315–38.
al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan. Al-Aḥkām Al-Sulṭāniyyah Wa Al-Wilāyāt Al-Dīniyyah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1985.
al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. Fiqh Al-Jihād. Cairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 2009.
———. Ghayr Al-Muslimīn Fī Al-Mujtama‘ Al-Islāmī. Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1992.
“Al-Qur’an Surah Al-Baqarah Ayat 245,” n.d.
“Al-Qur’an Surah Al-Maidah Ayat 2,” n.d.
al-Raisūnī, Ahmad. Maqāṣid Al-Sharī‘ah Al-Islāmiyyah Wa Makārimuhā. Rabat: Dār al-‘Ilm, 1999.
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
al-Syāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq. Al-Muwāfaqāt Fī Uṣūl Al-Sharīʿah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1997.
Amiruddin, Hasbi. “Ambiguitas Penerapan Syariat Islam Di Aceh: Antara Norma Dan Realitas.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 21, no. 2 (2021): 145–62.
Amiruddin, M Hasbi. “Syariat Islam Dan Relasi Antarumat Beragama Di Aceh.” Jurnal Ijtihad 14, no. 2 (2020): 211–30.
Amri, Yaser. “The Politics of Shari‘a in Aceh: The Symbolism of Islamic Law.” Al-Jami‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55, no. 1 (2017): 29–56.
Aspinall, Edward. Peace without Justice? The Helsinki Peace Process in Aceh. Singapore: ISEAS, 2008.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Perihal Undang-Undang. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2006.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid Al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008.
———. Maqasid Al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 2008.
Barak, Aharon. Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Crouch, Melissa. “Constitutionalism, Islam and the Practice of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 2, no. 3 (2013): 410–35.
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1975.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Human Rights and the Implementation of Shari‘a in Aceh.” Journal of Law and Religion 26, no. 1 (2011): 143–76.
Huda, Nurul. “Politik Hukum Syariat Islam Di Aceh: Antara Identitas Dan Hak Minoritas.” Jurnal Ijtihad UNIDA 22, no. 1 (2023): 1–20.
———. “Qanun Syariat Dan Posisi Non-Muslim Di Aceh: Sebuah Analisis Ambiguitas Hukum.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 20, no. 2 (2022): 201–18.
Indonesia, Mahkamah Agung Republik. Putusan Nomor 16 P/HUM/2013 tentang Uji Materiil Qanun Aceh (2013).
International, Amnesty. Whipping and Intimidation: Discriminatory Application of Sharia in Aceh. London: Amnesty International, 2018.
“International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Diratifikasi Dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005,” 2005.
Kelsen, Hans. Pure Theory of Law. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Khallāf, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Siyāsah Sharʿiyyah Fī Al-Shuʾūn Al-Dustūriyyah Wa Al-Khārijiyyah Wa Al-Māliyyah. Kairo: Dār al-Qalam, 1988.
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) (n.d.).
Kuru, Ahmet T. Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Lindsey, Tim, and Helen Pausacker. Religion, Law and Intolerance in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2016.
Melayu, Hasnul Arifin, and et al. “Perlindungan Minoritas Di Daerah Syariat: Studi Terhadap Qanun Jinayat.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 23, no. 1 (2023): 55–70.
Mohd Kamal, Mohd Hisham. “The Application of Islamic Law in Malaysia: A Comparative Perspective.” Arab Law Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2020): 1–28.
Munir, Muhammad. “Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia: Constitutional Guarantees and Contemporary Challenges.” Indonesian Journal of International & Comparative Law 5, no. 2 (2022): 143–68.
“Observasi Lapangan, Sekolah Menengah Negeri Banda Aceh.” Banda Aceh, n.d.
Othman, Norani. “Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic Fundamentalism/Extremism: An Overview of Southeast Asian Muslim Women’s Struggle for Human Rights and Gender Equality.” Women’s Studies International Forum 29, no. 4 (2006): 339–53.
Qanun Aceh Nomor 11 Tahun 2002 tentang Aqidah, Ibadah, dan Syiar Islam (n.d.).
“Qanun Aceh Nomor 11 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pelaksanaan Syariat Islam Bidang Aqidah, Ibadah, Dan Syiar Islam,” 2002.
“Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat,” 2014.
“Qanun Aceh Nomor 8 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pokok-Pokok Syariat Islam,” 2014.
Qanun Aceh Nomor 8 Tahun 2015 tentang Pembinaan dan Perlindungan Aqidah (2015).
Reid, Anthony. “Identity and Legitimacy in Aceh’s Sharia Experiment.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, no. 2 (2011): 293–314.
RI, Komnas H A M. “Laporan Tahunan 2021: Penegakan HAM Di Aceh Dalam Implementasi Syariat Islam.” Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 2021.
Rijal, Syamsul. “Islamic Law and Religious Minorities in Aceh: Managing Diversity in a Sharia-Inspired Region.” Al-Jami‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 58, no. 1 (2020): 29–60.
Taymiyyah, Ibn. Al-Siyāsah Al-Syar‘iyyah Fī Iṣlāḥ Al-Rā‘ī Wa Al-Ra‘Iyyah. Kairo: al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyah, 1966.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945, Pasal 28E ayat (1) (1945).
“Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945,” 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh; Qanun Jinayat Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 (2006).
“Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 Tentang Pemerintahan Aceh,” 2006.
“Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 Tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Indonesia, 2003.
Watch, Human Rights. “Policing Morality: Abuses in the Application of Sharia in Aceh, Indonesia.” New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010.
“Wawancara Dengan Pemilik Warung Non-Muslim Di Banda Aceh.” Banda Aceh, n.d.
Zainuri, Ahmad. “Sharia and Constitutional Pluralism in Aceh: Between Identity and Citizenship.” JICL UNIDA 6, no. 2 (2023): 77–95.
———. “Sharia Implementation and Maslahah Consideration in Aceh’s Autonomy.” JICL UNIDA 6, no. 2 (2023): 134–52.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ijtihad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
