Regulasi Transkripsi dan Pasca Transkripsi pada Ekspresi Gen

Abstract

Transcription and post-transcription regulation is a fundamental process in controlling gene expression that allows cells to adapt to environmental changeswhile maintaining homeostasis. Disruption of this regulation can lead to various genetic diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this article is to examine the mechanisms of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, and their implications in molecular biology and biomedicine. The article uses a literature review approach, by collecting data from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and NCBI databases. Analyses were conducted to identify key elements, such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, RNA polymerase II, as well as transcription stages, including initiation, elongation, and termination, to post-transcriptional mechanisms such as capping, tailing, and splicing. The review shows that transcription regulation starts from the formation of a preinitiation complex involving transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. During elongation, RNA synthesis is carried out with a high degree of processivity. At the post-transcription stage, modifications such as the addition of 7-methylguanosine at the 5‘ end and polyadenylation at the 3’ end increase the stability of the mRNA. In addition, splicing mechanisms allow the formation of different proteins from a single gene. This regulation ensures that gene expression occurs at the right time, location and amount as required by the cell. At the post-transcription stage, modifications such as the addition of 7-methylguanosine at the 5‘ end and polyadenylation at the 3’ end increase the stability of the mRNA. Splicing mechanisms allow the formation of different proteins from a single gene. This regulation ensures that gene expression occurs at the right time, location, and amount according to the needs of the cell.