Pharmasipha : Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy

Overview of antidiabetic drug use in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in the outpatient installation of the Islamic University of Indonesia Hospital

2025-03-08T11:45:04+08:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not use the insulin that is made efficiently. The prevalence of DM in Indonesia has increased from 6.9% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2018. Meanwhile, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2021 there were 83,568 patients, and Bantul Regency had 15,727 DM patients. This study aimed to describe the use of antidiabetic drugs in outpatient type 2 DM patients at the UII Hospital, Yogyakarta from January to June 2023. This research method is non-experimental research. Data collection was retrospective by taking medical record data of outpatients from January to June 2023. Sampling using purposive sampling method so that 92 samples were obtained. The results obtained antidiabetic drugs most commonly used in combination therapy are metformin and glimepiride as many as 25 cases (60%) and in single therapy the most commonly used drug is metformin with 22 cases (44%). The study concluded that antidiabetic therapy used at the UII Hospital, Yogyakarta was sulfonylurea and biguanid groups as many as 25 cases (60%) in combination therapy and sulfonylurea groups as many as 22 cases (44%) in single therapy.

Keywords: antidiabetics, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hospital

Analysis of the use of halal certified antibiotic therapy in non-pneumonic ISPA patients at the Tlogosari Wetan community health center using the ATC/DDD and DU of 90% method

2025-03-08T11:52:11+08:00

ISPA or acute respiratory infection is a condition where there are bacteria or viruses in the acute upper respiratory tract. According to WHO, ARI consistently ranks as the top cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, killing more than 4 million people every year globally. Based on the results of Riskesdas (2018), the prevalence of acute respiratory tract infections is 9.3%. The aim of this study was to analyze the use of halal-certified antibiotic therapy in patients with non-pneumonia acute respiratory infections at the Tlogosari Wetan Community Health Center around 10 August – 09 September 2023. This research uses a descriptive research method, observational design with retrospective data collection techniques. The data used was from prescription contains a complete data, which is calculated based on DDD/patient indicator. Halal antibiotic certificates can be look at the BPJPH or LPPOM website then calculate to percentage. Based on the results, the use of antibiotics in non-pneumonia ISPA patients at the Tlogosari Wetan Health Center was 67.74% with the characteristics of female patients and 32.26% were in the age range of 5-12 years, with the use of oral amoxicillin as the most used antibiotic at 72.3 DDD, also the antibiotic products used are 100% halal certified.

Keywords: antibiotic, halal certification, ISPA, resistance

Formulation and determination of SPF value of Oryza sativa L. extract sunscreen cream with variations of span 80 and tween 8

2025-07-07T17:27:40+08:00

White Rice Extract (Oryza sativa L.) has sunscreen activity because it contains flavonoid compounds. The cream preparation was chosen to maximize its potential as a sunscreen. The purpose of this study was first to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of Span 80 and Tween 80 on red rice extract cream and second to obtain the optimum formulation that produces the best physical properties. The cream preparation was made in 3 formulas, namely F1, F2, and F3 with a combination of emulsifier concentrations of Span 80 (1.41%; 3.41%; 5.41%) and Tween 80 (8.58%; 6.58%; 4.58%). The resulting cream preparation was subjected to physical property evaluation tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, viscosity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, and determination of SPF values. The results showed that variations in the concentration of Tween 80 and Span 80 affected the evaluation of the physical properties of white rice extract cream preparations, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. This study concluded that the best formula for white rice extract cream preparations was F3 with a concentration of Tween 80 (4.58%) and Span 80 (5.41%).

Keywords: white rice, span 80, tween 80, sunscreen

Effect of sunflower oil and olive oil concentration on the sunscreen activity of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. leaves extract cream

2025-07-07T17:29:27+08:00

Red shoot leaves contain flavonoid compounds that have potential as sunscreens because they can absorb ultraviolet rays, so they can be used as natural active ingredients for making sunscreen creams. The purpose of this study was to test the SPF value of red shoot leaves extract cream with a combination of sunflower oil and olive oil with 7 formulation, F1 (1 : 0) ; F2 (0 : 1) ; F3 (0.5 : 0.5) ; F4 (0.75 : 0.25) ; F5 (0.25 : 0.75) ; F6 (1 : 1) ; F7 (0 : 0). The UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method was used to determine the SPF value of the cream which refers to the Mansur equation and obtained the SPF value of the cream preparation F1 4.337; F2 3.822; F3 4.713; F4 5.090; F5 6.523; F6 5.551; and F7 5.271. The physical evaluation results of the three best formulas, namely F5, F6, and F7 in the organoleptical test of the preparation are brown, semi-solid, have a distinctive smell and meet the homogeneity requirements. After 28 days of storage, pH approximately 6.0, the adhesion of F5 1.18; F6 0.96; F7 0.56. The spreadability of F5, F6, and F7 met the parameters, namely, 5-7 cm. Viscosity with variations in concentration increased and the stability of the cream preparation was stable at room temperature storage, cycling test, centrifugation test with no phase separation. Based on the research conducted, F5 is the best formula.

Keywords: sunscreen, SPF, Syzygium myrtifolium, sunflower oil, olive oil

Antioxidant activity test of toner combination of kenikir leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth) and aloe vera (Aloe vera)

2025-07-07T17:28:50+08:00

Aloe vera plants had many benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Kenikir plants had potential as antioxidants and antifungals. These two plants had strong antioxidants but were underutilized in cosmetic products. The preparation made in this study was a toner. This study aimed to formulate a toner using aloe vera extract and kenikir leaf extract that had good physical quality tests and effective antioxidant activity. The method used was an experimental laboratory study with variations in extract combinations in FI (3:1), FII (2:2), and FIII (1:3), with physical quality tests including organoleptic tests, pH tests, homogeneity tests, and viscosity tests. Evaluations were conducted to determine characteristics that met the standards. Furthermore, an antioxidant activity test was conducted using the DPPH method, analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 516 nm. The research results showed that all three formulations had an appropriate pH range of 4.5-6.5, good homogeneity, and good viscosity of less than 5 cP. The highest antioxidant activity in extract combination 2 had an IC50 value of 38.86 ppm, classified as very strong. The highest antioxidant activity test was in FII, with an IC50 value of 52.66 ppm, classified as strong. In conclusion, FII was chosen because it met the standard physical quality tests and had strong antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Aloe vera, antioxidant, Cosmos caudatus Kunth, DPPH, toner

Formulation and testing of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value sunscreen gel from ethanol extract of bilimbing wuluh fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) in vitro

2025-07-07T17:29:48+08:00

Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation formulated to reduce and protect the skin from the adverse effects of exposure to ultraviolet light. Bilimbi fruit is one of the plants that potential as a sunscreen, because it contains flavonoid groups that can absorb and reduce the intensity of ultraviolet light exposure. The purpose of this study was to formulate and test the potential SPF value of sunscreen gel preparation of bilimbi fruit extract. This research used experimental method, by making 3 variations of gel formula such as F1 (5% extract), F2 (10% extract), and F3 (15% extract). The physical properties of the gel were tested (homogeneity, organoleptic, spreadability, adhesiveness, pH, and viscosity), and the SPF value was tested in vitro with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the physical properties test showed that the bilimbi fruit extract sunscreen gel produced a gel that met the requirements of physical properties of a good gel preparation, while from the SPF value test results it was known that all gel formulas had potential as sunscreens. Where F1 gel has an SPF value of 13.43 (maximum protection), F2 has an SPF value of 15.92 (ultra protection), and F3 has an SPF value of 17.24 (ultra protection).

Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi L., formulation, sunscreen, SPF

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among pharmacist in Demak Regency regarding antibiotic resistance: a cross-sectional descriptive study

2025-07-07T17:37:01+08:00

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global health threat. Pharmacists play a key role in preventing antibiotic resistance by ensuring the rational and appropriate use of medications. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between pharmacists’ levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic resistance in pharmacies, clinics, and primary healthcare centers (Puskesmas). The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, with data collected through a Google Form questionnaire from 110 pharmacists in Demak Regency. Data were analyzed using SPSS with Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests. On average, respondents had good knowledge and practices, while attitude scores were moderate. The mean knowledge score was 87.4% (SD = 11.9), mean attitude score was 74.4% (SD = 18.4), and mean practice score was 95.1% (SD = 10.3). Statistical tests showed that all variables had a P-value < 0.05. Spearman correlation indicated a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (rs = 0.236), knowledge and practice (rs = 0.359), and attitude and practice (rs = 0.142). There was a significant relationship between pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic resistance. The better the pharmacists’ knowledge, the more positive their attitudes and practices, which can help prevent antibiotic resistance in pharmacies, clinics, and Puskesmas.

Keyword: antibiotic resistance, attitude, knowledge, pharmacist, practice

Antibacterial activity of face toner combinaton of kenikir leaf extract and aloe vera extract against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria

2025-07-07T17:32:29+08:00

Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus K) and Aloe vera (Aloe vera) rich in beneficial substances that can potentially be used as acne treatment ingredients due to their antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to evaluate the physical quality and antibacterial activity of a face toner formulation combining kenikir leaves extract and aloe vera leaves extract against Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919. The face toner was assessed for physical quality, including pH, homogeneity, organoleptic properties, viscosity, and irritation potential, followed by antibacterial activity testing using the disk diffusion method. Based on the test results, the physical quality test results of the face toner showed that the product met the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, and did not cause skin irritation. In addition, the toner was also effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, with the best inhibition zone observed in formula F1, which contained a combination of 3% Cosmos caudatus leaf extract and 1% aloe vera leaf extract, resulting in an average inhibition zone diameter of 6.4 mm, categorized as moderate.

Keywords: Aloe vera, antibacterial activity, Cosmos caudatus, face toner, Propionibacterium acnes

Antibacterial test of gel mask Aloe vera and Cosmos caudatus extract combination to Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919

2025-07-07T17:32:52+08:00

Acne is caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Cosmetics that most commonly used is gel mask. This study aims to know whether aloe vera and cosmos caudatus extract can be formulated as a gel mask and what level of aloe vera and cosmos caudatus extract that needed to inhibit the Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 growth. Aloe vera contains active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, ntraquinones, lignins, sterols and phenolics, while kenikir leaves contain various active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols. This study using three formulas with aloe vera extract is 1%, 2%, 3 % and marigold leaf extract is 3%, 2%, 1%. Physical quality testing of gel mask was done do with organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability and drying time. Antibacterial testing on Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 use the disc diffusion method. The antibacterial test showed the largest inhibition zone results, was the formula I who has concentration of 1% Aloe vera and 3% cosmos caudatus extract in the medium category.

Keywords: antibacterial, aloe vera, cosmos caudatus, gel mask, Propionibacterium acnes

Potensi Daun Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) yang Berkhasiat Sebagai Antioksidan dalam Pengobatan Diabetes Melitus

2025-02-21T13:04:25+08:00

Ekstrak daun bungur memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Antioksidan dapat berperan sebagai pencegah oksidasi yang berlebihan sehingga kerusakan pada sel beta pankreas dapat dikurangi dan dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada penderita diabetes mellitus. Tujuan studi pustaka ini yaitu mengetahui potensi daun bungur yang berkhasiat antioksidan dalam pengobatan diabetes mellitus. Tinjauan pustaka ini disusun menggunakan artikel penelitian full text melalui database PubMed, ScienceDirect dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu â€œAntioxidantâ€ OR â€œAntioxidant Compoundâ€ AND â€œLagerstroemia speciosaâ€ AND â€œDiabetes Mellitusâ€ OR â€œHypoglycemiaâ€. Artikel dengan rentang tahun 2016-2022 yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi. Kriteria inklusi yaitu original research atau full text yang membahas ekstrak daun bungur (Lagerstreomia speciosa) yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan terhadap penyakit diabetes mellitus yang telah diuji secara in vitro dan in vivo. Kriteria eksklusi adalah artikel penelitian tidak full text, review artikel, abstrak atau buku yang dipublikasikan sebelum tahun 2016. Artikel yang direview sebanyak 11 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Daun bungur mengandung senyawa fenolik seperti flavonoid yang berperan sebagai antioksidan. Asam korosalat, tanin, lagerstroemin dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan mekanisme meningkatkan sensitifitas reseptor insulin dengan menghalangi protein dalam tubuh yang disebut tirosin fosfat yang mengurangi aktivitas reseptor insulin. Oleh karena itu daun bungur dapat menjadi kandidat obat yang tepat untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah