Ijtihad

The Public Interest Implications (Maslahah) of The OJK's Regulatory Amendments Pertaining To Islamic Peer-To-Peer Lending In Indonesia

Farhan Zikry , Makhda Intan Sanusi Intan, Ahmad Hasan Basri — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**This study discusses the regulatory changes concerning Sharia-based peer-to-peer lending, specifically the transition from POJK No. 77 of 2016 to POJK No. 10 of 2022. A significant aspect of this change is the inclusion of several articles that accommodate Sharia-based peer-to-peer lending transactions. These regulatory amendments indicate that the Sharia principles embedded in the regulation promote public welfare (maslahah). Therefore, the author seeks to examine this issue from the perspective of maqasid asy-syari’ah. This research focuses on textual and literature analysis, utilizing a library research method, and adopts a normative approach based on religious norms. The result of this study suggest that, from the perspective of maqasid asy-syari’ah, the changes made by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) to the regulations on peer-to-peer lending foster public welfare, which is evaluated based on the five essential objectives (al-daruriyyat al-khams): the preservation of religion (hifz al-din), life (hifz al-nafs), intellect (hifz al-‘aql), lineage (hifz al-nasl), and wealth (hifz al-mal). **Indonesia**Penelitian ini akan mendiskusikan tentang adanya perubahan regulasi tentang peer to peer lending berbasis syariah yakni POJK No.77 Tahun 2016 yang kemudian digantikan dengan POJK Nomor 10 tahun 2022. Hal yang signifikan yang dapat dilihat dari perubahan ini adalah beberapa pasal yang cukup akomodatif terhadap transakasi peer to peer lending berbasis syariah. Dengan adanya perubahan regulasi tersebut dindikasikan bahwa konsep syariah pada peraturan tersebut menimbulkan kemaslahatan, sehingga penulis ingin mengulsnya dari sudut pandang maqasid asy-syari‘ah. Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis teks dan literatur library research atau studi kepustakaan dan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif, yang berlandaskan norma-norma keagamaan. Dalam penelitian ini menghasilakan temuan bahwa dalam perspektif maqasid asy-syari‘ah perubahan yang dilakukan OJK dalam peraturanya tentang peer to peer lending menimbulkan kemaslahatan yang diukur dari Al-daruriyat al-khams (hifz al-din; hifz al-nafs; hifz al-‘aql; hifz al-nasl; dan hifz al-mal).

Power Disparity in Contract Law: An Analysis of the Impact of Limitation of Liability Clauses in Asymmetric Contractual Relationships

Dewi Kania Dewi — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**This paper aims to analyze the impact of Limitation of Liability Clauses on contractual justice in asymmetric contractual relationships in Indonesia, as well as to provide policy recommendations to strengthen regulations that protect the weaker party. The method used is a normative approach, integrating an analysis of Indonesian legislation, such as Article 1320 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of Law No. 8 of 1999, with modern contract theory and a comparative approach through a study of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in the United Kingdom. The findings show that current regulations in Indonesia are not yet optimal in protecting the weaker party, particularly in relation to the use of Limitation of Liability Clauses by the dominant party. The use of these clauses in 70% of contracts involving large companies in Indonesia often favors the stronger party, resulting in a significant power imbalance. This study concludes that comprehensive legal reform is needed to address this disparity, through regulatory revisions, stricter oversight, and legal education for the public. **Indonesia**Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak Limitation of Liability Clause terhadap keadilan kontraktual dalam hubungan kontraktual asimetris di Indonesia, serta memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan untuk memperkuat regulasi yang melindungi pihak yang lebih lemah. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif, yang mengintegrasikan analisis perundang-undangan Indonesia, seperti Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 18 UU No. 8 Tahun 1999, dengan teori kontraktual modern serta pendekatan komparatif melalui studi terhadap Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 di Inggris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi yang ada di Indonesia belum optimal dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap pihak yang lebih lemah, terutama terkait penggunaan Limitation of Liability Clause oleh pihak yang dominan. Penggunaan klausul ini dalam 70% kontrak yang melibatkan perusahaan besar di Indonesia sering kali menguntungkan pihak yang lebih kuat, menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan kekuasaan yang signifikan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa diperlukan reformasi hukum yang menyeluruh untuk mengatasi ketimpangan ini, melalui revisi regulasi, pengawasan lebih ketat, dan edukasi hukum bagi masyarakat.

The Typology of Islamic Social Entrepreneurship: Principles, and Characteristic from a Maqashid Shariah Perspective

Muhammad Agus Setiawan; Sheema Haseena Armina, Syahrin Novika — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**This research aims to explore the typology of Islamic Social Entrepreneurship (ISE) through its definition, principles and characteristics from the perspective of Maqashid Shariah. Maqashid Shariah, as the ultimate goal of Islamic law, provides a framework for developing an entrepreneurship model that focuses not only on economic gains but also social and moral benefits. ISE differs from conventional entrepreneurship as it emphasizes the balance between economic needs and social welfare based on Islamic teachings. The research method used is a qualitative method with theoretical analysis and empirical studies to define the ISE typology. The results show that the ISE typology includes the protection of religion through the establishment of Islamic educational institutions, Islamic media publishing, and Islamic study centers, the protection of the soul through the provision of Islamic health services, social and charitable institution programs, and community welfare programs, and the protection of wealth through Islamic banking and finance, waqf-based businesses, and Islamic social investment. Based on the results of the ISE typology, ISE can make a practical contribution by offering guidance for businesses and policy makers in developing ISE according to Islamic principles. Theoretically, the typology enriches the literature on ISE and Maqashid Shariah, providing a clearer framework for the classification and development of social entrepreneurship models that comply with Islamic values. This research emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach that combines theoretical analysis and empirical studies to define a typology of ISEs, as well as providing practical guidelines for implementation in the field. **Indonesia**Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi tipologi Islamic Social Entrepreneurship (ISE) melalui definisi, prinsip, dan karakteristiknya dari perspektif Maqashid Syariah. Maqashid Syariah, sebagai tujuan utama hukum Islam, menyediakan kerangka kerja untuk mengembangkan model kewirausahaan yang tidak hanya berfokus pada keuntungan ekonomi tetapi juga manfaat sosial dan moral. ISE berbeda dari kewirausahaan konvensional karena menekankan keseimbangan antara kebutuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan sosial berdasarkan ajaran Islam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan analisis teoretis dan studi empiris untuk mendefinisikan tipologi ISE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tipologi ISE meliputi perlindungan agama melalui pendirian lembaga pendidikan Islam, penerbitan media Islami, dan pusat kajian Islam, perlindungan jiwa melalui pemberian layanan kesehatan Islami, program lembaga sosial dan amal, serta program kesejahteraan komunitas, serta perlindungan harta melalui perbankan dan keuangan syariah, bisnis berbasis waqf, dan investasi sosial Islami. berdasarkan hasil dari tipologi ISE, ISE dapat memberikan kontribusi praktis dengan menawarkan panduan bagi pelaku usaha dan pembuat kebijakan dalam mengembangkan ISE sesuai prinsip Islam. Secara teoretis, tipologi ini memperkaya literatur tentang ISE dan Maqashid Syariah, memberikan kerangka kerja yang lebih jelas untuk klasifikasi dan pengembangan model social entrepreneurship yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Islam. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya pendekatan holistik yang menggabungkan analisis teoretis dan studi empiris untuk mendefinisikan tipologi ISE, serta menyediakan panduan praktis untuk implementasi di lapangan.

Implementation of the Halal Ecosystem in Bangkalan Regency from a Maqashid Syariah Perspective

Khoirun Nasik, Ahmad Musadad, Firman Setiawan — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**This research is motivated by the fact that the development of the halal ecosystem is still not optimal in Bangkalan, Madura. Reading the implementation of the halal ecosystem according to the theory of ushul fiqh in the form of maqashid al-syariah is a new basis for measuring implementation, in line with the objectives of Islamic law. This research aims to analyze the implementation of halal ecosystem in Bangkalan Regency, using the maqashid al-syariah theory approach. The research method used is a type of qualitative descriptive research with an ushul fiqh approach in the form of the maqashid al-Syariah method. Data analysis was carried out using an inductive method. The research results show that although Bangkalan Regency has great potential in the halal industry, the development of the halal ecosystem still faces several obstacles. These obstacles include, among other things, aspects of facilities, infrastructure and policy. Meanwhile, the HR aspect can be resolved by collaborating with the UTM halal center. The integration of religious tourism in the ecosystem also contributes positively to accelerating the development of the halal industrial ecosystem in Bangkalan Regency. High tourist visits to religious tourist attractions will increase demand for halal products and services, which will definitely increase production levels and employment. As for the analysis from the maqashid al-syariah perspective, it can be explained that the development of the halal ecosystem in Bangkalan district is generally in line with the five dimensions of maqashid. However, there are several things that are considered not optimal, namely in the hifdz al-nafs dimension, namely the limited number of halal-certified products and the absence of health services at tourist attractions for visitors, the hifdz al-'aql dimension, namely the lack of clear information regarding guides prepared by the local government to support the implementation of tourism, and the dimension of hifdz al-mal, namely limited digital infrastructure and the lack of optimal integration and interconnection of Islamic philanthropic institutions in the halal industrial ecosystem. **Indonesia**Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya pengembangan ekosistem halal yang masih belum optimal di wilayah Bangkalan, Madura. Pembacaan implementasi ekosistem halal menurut teori ushul fiqh, maqashid al-syariah merupakan pijakan baru dalam mengukur suatu implemetasi yang selaras dengan tujuan-tujuan dalam syariat Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi ekosistem halal di Kabupaten Bangkalan dengan pendekatan teori maqashid al-syariah. Metode penelitian yang digunakanan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan ilmu ushul fiqih berupa metode maqashid al-Syariah. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Bangkalan memiliki potensi yang besar dalam industri halal, namun pengembangan ekosistem halal masih menghadapi beberapa kendala. Kendala tersebut antara lain berkaitan dengan aspek sarana, infrastruktur, dan kebijakan. Sedangkan pada aspek SDM bisa teratasi dengan kerja sama dengan halal center UTM. Integrasi pariwisata religi dalam ekosistem juga berkontribusi positif dalam rangka percepatan pengembangan ekosistem industri halal di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Tingginya kunjungan wisatawan pada objek wisata religi akan menaikkan permintaan terhadap produk dan layanan halal, yang secara pasti akan menaikkan tingkat produksi dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Adapun analisis dalam perspektif maqashid al-syariah dapat dijelaskan bahwa pengembangan ekosistem halal di kabupaten Bangkalan secara umum sudah sejalan dengan lima dimensi maqashid. Namun, ada beberapa hal yang dianggap belum optimal, yaitu pada dimensi hifdz al-nafs yakni terbatasnya produk yang bersertifikasi halal dan tidak adanya layanan kesehatan di objek wisata bagi pengunjung, dimensi hifdz al-‘aql yakni belum jelasnya informasi terkait pemandu yang disiapkan oleh pemerintah daerah untuk mendukung penyelenggaraan pariwisata, dan dimensi hifdz al-mal yakni terbatasnya infrastruktur digital serta belum optimalnya integrasi dan interkoneksi lembaga filantropi Islam dalam ekosistem industri halal.

Ihdad for Career Women in the Perspective of Maslahah mursalah (Study of the Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council Number 11 of 1981)

Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**There are some restrictions for a woman who is in iddah, these restrictions are known as ihdad. Ihdad can be in the form of: not allowed to adorn and leave the house. In the Indonesian context, the provisions of ihdad are regulated in MUI Fatwa No.11 of 1981 concerning the iddah of death, which basically states that, firstly, whether or not it is permissible for a woman who is in iddah to leave the house is a matter of khilafiyyah, secondly, the opinion of the majority of scholars is that it is not permissible for a woman in iddah to leave the house at night, even if it is to perform the pilgrimage. In this case, the fatwa needs to be reviewed, especially its relevance for career women who are experiencing the iddah period. Because according to the author, the provisions in the fatwa have been considered long enough and are not in accordance with the increasingly advanced situation as it is now. And the method of legal istinbath Maslahah mursalah in this study is used as a review tool in the Fatwa, whether the fatwa is in accordance with the provisions set forth in Maslahah mursalah. The result of this research is that the concept of ihdad described by the decree of Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council No.11 of 1981 is by not being allowed to leave the house during the day and night, even though it is to perform the pilgrimage. However, if there is an urgent need then it is allowed to leave the house. With the analysis of Maslahah mursalah, MUI's fatwa on iddah of death which is intended for ihdad of career women is in accordance with Maslahah mursalah, because the fatwa has fulfilled the criteria or conditions described by Maslahah mursalah. **Indonesia**There are some restrictions for a woman who is in iddah, these restrictions are known as ihdad. Ihdad can be in the form of: not allowed to adorn and leave the house. In the Indonesian context, the provisions of ihdad are regulated in MUI Fatwa No.11 of 1981 concerning the iddah of death, which basically states that, firstly, whether or not it is permissible for a woman who is in iddah to leave the house is a matter of khilafiyyah, secondly, the opinion of the majority of scholars is that it is not permissible for a woman in iddah to leave the house at night, even if it is to perform the pilgrimage. In this case, the fatwa needs to be reviewed, especially its relevance for career women who are experiencing the iddah period. Because according to the author, the provisions in the fatwa have been considered long enough and are not in accordance with the increasingly advanced situation as it is now. And the method of legal istinbath Maslahah mursalah in this study is used as a review tool in the Fatwa, whether the fatwa is in accordance with the provisions set forth in Maslahah mursalah. The result of this research is that the concept of ihdad described by the decree of Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council No.11 of 1981 is by not being allowed to leave the house during the day and night, even though it is to perform the pilgrimage. However, if there is an urgent need then it is allowed to leave the house. With the analysis of Maslahah mursalah, MUI's fatwa on iddah of death which is intended for ihdad of career women is in accordance with Maslahah mursalah, because the fatwa has fulfilled the criteria or conditions described by Maslahah mursalah.

Standard Clauses on Parking Tickets Reviewed Under Law No. 08 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (Case Study of Pon Market Trenggalek and Tulungagung KAI Station)

Imam Mahmudi — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**Standard clauses are part of an agreement, their validity is not all contradictory and prohibited by law, the existence of opinions, or court decisions expressly indicate that standard clauses that follow or meet the requirements and obey the rules, it can be ascertained that the standard clause remains valid. The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding to consumers and business actors regarding the rights and obligations regulated in Law. No. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection. Research This study uses the method This study uses a type of empirical juridical research which is a sociological legal research model and can be interpreted as a type of field research. The results of this study indicate that the practice of standard clauses on tickets at the Pon Market location has been eliminated, while the implementation of standard clauses at the Tulungaung KAI station contains an ecosoeration clause or transfer of responsibility. **Indonesia**Klausla baku merupakan bagian dari sebauh perjanjian, keberlakuannya tidak semua bertentangan serta dilarang oleh hukum, adanya pendapat, maupun putusan pengadilan secara tegas menunjukan bahwa klausula baku yang mengikuti atau memenuhi syarat-syarat serta taat pada aturan, dapat dipastikan klausula baku terbsebut tetap sah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahmemberikan pemahan terhadap konsumen dan pelaku usaha mengani hak dan kewajiban yang diatur dalam UU. No.8 tahun 1999 tentang perlindungan konsumen. Penelitian Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Penelitian ini mengunakan jenis penelitian yuridis empiris merupakan model penelitian hukum sosiologis serta bisa diartikan sebagai sebuah jenis penelitian lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa praktek klaula baku pada karcis do Lokasi pasar pon sudah ditiadakan, sedangakan pemberlakuan klausula baku di stasiun KAI Tulungaung terdapat klausula ekosoerasi atau pengalihan tanggung jawab.

The Concept of Nursing Care in Maqashid Sharia Perspective

Haerul Akmal, Ahmad Muqorrobin, Nawa Marjany, Fitri Romadonika — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**Nursing care is the most important thing in the world of health, the existence of a nurse in health institutions has great urgency, the good or bad of a person's assessment of a health institution can be assessed by many people in terms of the nursing care provided by a nurse. In terms of the good and bad of the care provided, Islam has standards in providing nursing care for a patient. This research aims to describe the concept of nursing care in Islam by referring to the Maqashid al Sariah perspective. This research is qualitative research, research data is presented descriptively. The results of this research show that there are five things that must be fulfilled by nursing care in Islam, namely nursing care must meet the standards of safeguarding religion, safeguarding the soul, safeguarding the mind, safeguarding offspring and safeguarding property. It is hoped that this research can become a standard in the implementation of Islmaic nursing care in Indonesia. **Indonesia**Asuhan keperawatan merupakan hal terpenting dalam dunia kesehatan, keberadaan seorang perawat di dalam institusi-institusi kesehatan memiliki urgensitas yang sangat besar, baik buruknya penilaian seseorang terhadap institusi kesehatan dapat dinilai oleh banyak orang dari sisi asuhan keperawatan yang diberikan oleh seorang perawat. Dalam hal baik buruknya asuhan yang diberikan, Islam memiliki standarisasi dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan bagi seorang pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengambarkan konsep asuhan keperawatan dalam Islam dengan mengacu pada perspektif Maqashid Syariah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, data-data penelitian disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima hal yang harus dipenuhi oleh asuhan keperawatan dalam Islam yaitu Asuhan keperawatan harus memenuhi standar penjagaan pada agama, penjagaan pada jiwa, penjagaan pada akal, penjagaan pada keturunan dan penjagaan pada harta. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan dalam pelaksanaan asuhan keperawatan Keislaman di Indonesia.

The Role of a Notary in Executing The Transfer of Land Rights That are Still Pledged to a Bank

Frengki Partogi Sitanggang, Debora — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**Abstraction A notary is a public official with the authority to create genuine deeds, as stated in Article 1 Number 1 of Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Position. The genuine document itself, also known as a notary deed executed by or in front of a notary. The transfer of rights is one of the authentic deeds that a notary frequently creates at the appellant's request. For example, for deeds whose rights are certificates, there are usually deeds of agreement and binding sale and purchase. For the basis of rights that have been certified, the plaintiff must continue the process of changing the name of the certificate to the local land office using the Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT) product. One of the other authentic deed products that can be made by a Notary is the Credit Agreement Deed. This deed is a legal product that is generally encountered when someone wants to borrow money at the Bank. With the running of the process, there are many things happening in the field about debtors who default on their credit payments to banks so banks have to find ways how debtors can return the money that has been borrowed. One of them is by helping debtors sell collateral to parties who are willing to buy. **Indonesia**Merujuk pada Pasal 1 ayat 1 dari Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014, yang merupakan revisi dari Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 mengenai Jabatan Notaris, dinyatakan bahwa notaris adalah pejabat umum yang memiliki kewenangan untuk menyusun akta autentik. Akta autentik, yang sering disebut sebagai akta notaris, adalah dokumen yang disusun oleh dan/atau di hadapan seorang notaris, yang memiliki kekuatan hukum yang mengikat. Salah satu Akta Autentik yang sering di buat oleh notaris atas permintaan penghadap adalah akta yang berhubungan dengan peralihan hak. Sebagai contoh untuk akta yang alas haknya merupakan sertifikat biasanya ada akta perjanjian dan pengikatan jual beli. Untuk alas hak yang sudah bersertifikat, penghadap harus melanjutkan proses balik nama sertfikat tersebut ke kantor pertanahan setempat dengan menggunakan produk Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah. Salah satu produk akta autentik lainnya yang dapat digarap Notaris adalah Akta Perjanjian Kredit. Akta ini merupakan produk hukum yang umumnya ditemui pada saat seseorang ingin meminjam uang di Bank. Dengan berjalannya proses tersebut, sangat banyak terjadi di lapangan tentang debitur yang ingkar dalam pembayaran kreditnya kepada bank sehingga bank harus mencari cara bagaimana debitur dapat mengembalikan uang yang telah dipinjam. Salah satunya adalah dengan cara membantu debitur menjual jaminan kepada pihak yang bersedia membeli.

The Role of Pretrial Procedures in Protecting Human Rights in Indonesia

Andrew Afrizal Limbong, Debora — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0700

**English**Law enforcement and its execution in Indonesia remain far from ideal. The primary weakness lies not in the legal system or its instruments but in the enforcement itself. Coercive tactics often employed by law enforcement officers during investigations are among the key issues. Pretrial proceedings were established to protect the human rights of suspects during the investigation process. This study aims to examine the role of pretrial proceedings in safeguarding human rights and the extent to which they can reduce abuses of power by law enforcement authorities. The research outlines two main problems: (1) How do pretrial proceedings protect the human rights of suspects? (2) To what extent can pretrial proceedings minimize the misuse of power by law enforcement officers? The research adopts a normative legal method, also known as library research, focusing on the study of legal norms and principles. The findings reveal that pretrial proceedings are a significant legal instrument for protecting human rights in Indonesia. Despite challenges in implementation, optimizing pretrial proceedings through improved judicial capacity, public awareness, and regulatory reforms can strengthen their role as a human rights safeguard. Thus, pretrial proceedings can serve as an effective shield for upholding justice and protecting individuals' rights from unlawful actions. **Indonesia**Penegakan beserta eksekusi hukum di Indonesia masih jauh dari kata ideal. Penegakan hukum di negara ini, bukan sistem hukum ataupun perangkat hukumnya, ialah kelemahan utamanya. Taktik pemaksaan yang diterapkan penegak hukum selama penyelidikan ialah salah satunya. Lembaga Praperadilan didirikan guna melindungi hak asasi tersangka selama proses penyidikan. Penelitian ini tujuannya guna mengetahui peran praperadilan dalam perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan sejauh mana praperadilan dapat mengurangi penyalah gunaan kekuasaan oleh aparat penegak hukum. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut, penulis mengajukan rumusan masalah: 1. Bagaimana peran praperadilan dalam melindungi hak asasi tersangka, 2. Sejauh mana praperadilan dapat mengurangi penyalahgunaan kekuasaan yang dilakukan aparat penegak hukum. Jenis metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif atau yang di sebut juga dengan penelitian penelitian hukum perpustakaan atau library research. Hasil penelitian ini bahwa Praperadilan merupakan instrumen hukum yang signifikan dalam melindungi hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Meskipun terdapat kendala dalam implementasinya, optimalisasi praperadilan melalui peningkatan kapasitas hakim, sosialisasi, dan perbaikan regulasi dapat memperkuat peran lembaga ini sebagai penjaga HAM. Dengan begitu, praperadilan dapat menjadi benteng yang efektif dalam menjaga keadilan dan melindungi hak-hak individu dari tindakan yang melanggar hukum.