Agroindustrial Technology Journal

A Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties: Durian Peel Starch-Sago Starch Biocomposite Bioplastic with Sorbitol Plasticizer Reinforced by Chitosan and Zinc Oxide

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Conventional plastics causes various problems, particularly related to the environment and health. Their impacts include air and soil pollution, blocked airways leading to flooding, and disruption to marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, non-biodegradable plastic bags can release hazardous chemicals and microplastics, which pollute the environment. To solve these problems, many researchers are developing environmentally friendly plastics made from biomass by combining various additives according to the plastic's function, commonly referred to as bioplastic biocomposites. Biocomposite bioplastic can be made from biomass raw materials such as starch. Durian peel waste contains not only cellulose but also quite high starch content. However, starch-based biocomposites have problems, especially in their mechanical properties. The use of fillers as reinforcements such as chitosan and ZnO is needed to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the effect of adding fillers (chitosan and ZnO) to starch-based biocomposite bioplastic (durian peel and sago). The method used in making plastic biocomposites is mixing process and solution casting. Sorbitol plasticizer of 25% and fillers of 4% each for chitosan and ZnO were added for variations in the total starch of durian peel and sago (1.25:3; 2.25:3; 3:3). Based on the results of the durian peel flour composition, it is proven that it has a fairly high starch content of 68.67%. The results of physical/mechanical tests of the best biocomposite bioplastic were obtained in sample A with a tensile strength of 18.816 MPa, elongation of 1.422% and young's modulus of 13.05%. The addition of ZnO filler only affects thickness, tensile strength, and elongation. These results indicate that the combination of materials can improve the mechanical properties of bioplastics based on durian peel waste starch and sago starch.

Keywords: biocomposite bioplastic; chitosan; durian peel waste starch; sago starch; sorbitol

Risk Assessment and HACCP-Based Hazard Control in Malt Candy Processing

Ermawati Ermawati — Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Malt candy is a type of hard confectionery product formulated with the addition of specific leavening agents that, during the heating (oven) process, produce a light, porous, and melt-in-the-mouth texture. The safety and quality of malt candy are strongly affected by the hygienic conditions of the production environment, process parameters, and raw material handling. Therefore, the of the HACCP system plays an essential role in identifying and controlling potential hazards at every stage of the manufacturing process. This study aims to perform a comprehensive risk assessment and apply HACCP-based hazard control measures in the malt candy production line. The research involves developing a detailed process flow diagram, identifying potential biological, chemical, and physical hazards, determining (CCPs) establishing critical limits, and formulating monitoring and corrective action procedures. Data were collected through on-site observation, environmental inspection, and evaluation of production records to assess risk levels and compliance with HACCP principles. The findings indicate that the primary Critical Control Point (CCP) is located at the inspection stage, where a metal detector is employed to ensure that the product is free from metallic contaminants and compliant with food safety requirements. Furthermore, the results suggest that metal contamination control should not only be addressed at the CCP level, but also reinforced as a Control Point within the prerequisite program (CPP), thereby enabling corrective actions to be properly traced and their effectiveness continuously evaluated. Accordingly, it is recommended that the company strengthen documentation, verification activities, and equipment maintenance at this stage as part of ongoing improvements in the implementation of the prerequisite (basic feasibility) program. This approach ensures that the application of HACCP is not merely reactive, but also preventive, measurable, and fully accountable through a clear audit trail, serving as a reference model for similar confectionery industries.

Keywords: CCP, HACCP, Malt Candy, Metal Contamination, Risk Assessment

Screening and Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Ant Nest Plants From the Nabire Forest With Different Solvents

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Ant nests (Myrmecodia pendans), characteristic epiphytic flora of Papua, are recognized for harboring diverse bioactive constituents, including phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, which contribute significantly to antioxidant and pharmacological properties. Nonetheless, the concentrations of these secondary metabolites exhibit inconsistency, primarily attributable to variations in solvent polarity and environmental factors in cultivation regions. This investigation sought to profile and characterize secondary metabolites from ant nests sourced from the Nabire forest, employing solvents of varying polarities—ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane—to evaluate the efficacy of bioactive compound extraction and antioxidant potential. Extraction procedures involved maceration over a 72-hour duration with the aforementioned solvents. The data obtained were then analyzed quantitatively descriptively with an average followed by a standard deviation. Phytochemical screening revealed that all three extracts contained phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids; however, ethanol and methanol extracts demonstrated robust positive responses for saponins and alkaloids, whereas the n-hexane extract yielded solely triterpenoids and steroids. Quantitative assessments indicated that the 96% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (84.52 ± 2.31 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (61.47 ± 1.28 mg QE/g), coupled with the most potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 78.65 ± 2.11 ppm). The methanol extract displayed moderate efficacy, while n-hexane showed the weakest performance. These findings underscore the substantial influence of solvent selection on the yield of active compounds. Consequently, ethanol is advocated as the optimal solvent for isolating phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Nabire ant nests. Future investigations are proposed, incorporating advanced extraction techniques such as ultrasonic-assisted methods or ohmic heating, alongside detailed profiling via LC-MS to pinpoint predominant bioactive entities.

Keywords: antioxidant activity, myrmecodia pendans; phytochemicals,; secondary metabolites; solvents

Traditional Biotechnology Approaches in Halal Food Production: A Comprehensive Review

Ashari Harunaningtyas, Nanda Legiasa Rabiul Tsani Rohana — Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The concepts of halal and thayyib are key considerations in Muslim-majority nations. Halal and thayyib are the highest quality standards, as well as indicators of product competitiveness. This concept can be applied to all products or services consumed. Traditional biotechnology is one application of the halal and thayyib principle. Traditional biotechnology involves the activity of microorganisms, namely, fermentation. Fermented products include tape, kombucha, yogurt, bread, and tauco. These five products are well known within Muslim communities, hence the need for critical examination of their halal and thayyib aspects. In terms of halal, fermented products must ensure the halal status of the raw materials, media used, and food additives. Meanwhile, in terms of thayyib, fermented products must ensure food safety, process hygiene, and the use of high-quality raw materials, thereby allowing Muslim consumers to feel safe and confident in consuming these products.

Keywords: traditional biotechnology; fermentation; halal; microorganism; thayyib

Analysis of Comparative Advantages and Export Potential of Indonesian Green Tea in the International Market

Rif'an Hariri — Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Green tea is an export commodity produced by Indonesia. This commodity is produced from tea plantations in Indonesia. Currently, the value and volume of green tea exports are still lower than those of black tea. Therefore, it is necessary to study the comparative advantage and potential export for green tea in the international market. The novelty in this research is combining the comparative advantages and export potential of green tea which has not been researched previously. This study aims to analyze the comparative advantage and potential export of Indonesian green tea in the international market. The data used is Indonesian green tea export from 2006 to 2023. The data sources are UN Comtrade and the Central Statistics Agency. This study used the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) method, the trade specialization index, export product dynamic (EPD) method and X model. The results obtained indicate that the comparative advantage of green tea in the international market is relatively weak, as evidenced by the RCA value of less than 1. The trade specialization index is positive. A positive trade index indicates that Indonesia is classified as a green tea exporter. The weakening of Indonesia's comparative advantage in green tea has not impacted its position in the international market. The position of green tea in international trade based on export product dynamics is still in the rising star position, which means that Indonesian green tea is still in a profitable position. Based on the X model, Indonesian green tea still has the potential to be developed in the international market.

Keywords: comparative advantage; export product dynamic; green tea; trade specialization index

Life Cycle Assessment of Heavy Equipment Repair and Hazardous Waste Storage: Environmental Optimization at a Coal Mining Contractor

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study applies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with Cradle-to-Gate approach to optimize environmental management at PT PPA, a coal mining contractor generating substantial hazardous waste (B3) from continuous heavy equipment maintenance. Operational data from January-April 2025 documented 136.94 tons of solid waste (contaminated rags, filters, hoses, batteries, sludge) and 634.07 tons of liquid waste (used lubricants and chemicals). System boundaries spanned maintenance activities through waste storage at the licensed Temporary Storage Facility (TPS). Environmental impact assessment quantified five key categories: (1) Global Warming Potential: 44.3 tons CO₂e/month, dominated by generator diesel consumption (35.9 tons CO₂e/month); (2) VOC emissions: 374 kg/month, primarily from contaminated rags (67% contribution); (3) Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential: 602.5 kg C₂H₄-eq/month; (4) Particulate Matter Formation Potential: 13.92 kg PM10-eq/month; and (5) Ecotoxicity from heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn), hydrocarbons, and cleaning chemicals. Benchmarking against Indonesian regulations (PP 101/2014, PP 22/2021) and international mining studies confirmed low-to-moderate impact classification, though specific hotspots warrant attention. Strategic mitigation recommendations include implementing closed storage systems (40-50% VOC reduction potential), energy efficiency upgrades (15-20% GHG reduction), waste minimization programs, and lubricant recycling. These interventions support Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles and advance Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12.4, 13.2, 3.9) implementation, positioning PT PPA as a sustainability leader in Indonesia's mining sector.

Keywords: environmental management; hazardous waste; heavy equipment; life cycle assessment; mining industry, optimization

Clustering of Consumer Perceptions Toward Processed Chicken Meat Products to Support Regional Food Security

Ratna Ekawati, Nuraida Wahyuni, Rezka hapsari Mega Nadia — Tue, 02 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study aims to classify micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the agroindustry sector based on their performance and sustainability characteristics using the K-Means clustering method. The analysis was conducted to identify homogeneous groups of MSMEs that share similar attributes in innovation, efficiency, value addition, and sustainable practices. The optimal number of clusters was determined using the Dunn Index, which evaluates the compactness and separation of clusters. The results indicate that the highest Dunn Index value was obtained for three clusters (0.24), compared to two clusters (0.23), four clusters (0.22), and five clusters (0.17). This finding suggests that a three-cluster model provides the most optimal structure, balancing within-cluster cohesion and between-cluster separation. The visualization of the clustering results further demonstrates distinct groupings among MSMEs, corresponding to high-performing, moderate, and developing enterprises. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in designing targeted strategies to enhance competitiveness and sustainability in the agroindustry sector.

Keywords: Agroindustry, Cluster Validation, Competitiveness, Dunn Index, K-Means Clustering

Removal of Remazol Yellow from Textile Industry Wastewater by Quaternary Ammonium Polymer

Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The use of Remazol Yellow dyes in the textile industry will produce waste that is mutagenic and carcinogenic. The stable nature of remazol causes Remazol Yellow to not be easily degraded photolytically or chemically. If the waste is directly disposed of into water bodies, it will accumulate and last for a long time. Adsorption is one of the textile waste processing methods that is widely used because it is an effective textile waste processing method for degrading dyes, does not require large costs, the adsorbent can be used several times, and the process is simple. This research seeks to establish the appropriate contact duration, temperature, and ideal adsorption concentration of quaternary ammonium polymers within a Remazol Yellow dye solution. The process of dye adsorption by varying the time (10; 20; 30; 40; 50; and 60) minutes, temperature (25, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70)°C, and initial concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) ppm. The adsorption of the filtrate was then measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument. The dye in the Remazol Yellow solution was successfully adsorbed by the quaternary ammonium polymer with optimum conditions at 20 minutes, a temperature of 25°C, and an initial concentration of 10 ppm. The optimum adsorption percentages obtained were 98.44%, 98.54%, and 98.25% respectively. From these results, quaternary ammonium polymers can be further applied for dye degradation. Morphological analysis was carried out using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) instrument, obtaining a distribution of polymer pore values after adsorption in the range of 0.84-2.09 µm. The quaternary ammonium polymer structure is in the form of a solid lump after undergoing adsorption of Remazol Yellow.

Keywords: Adsorption; Polymer; Quaternary Ammonium; Remazol; Waste Industrial

The Impact of Time and Temperature of Drying on the Functional Composition of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga) var. Gading Powder

Irvia Resti Puyanda, Henrikus Andries Gibran, Candra Tika Putri Maharani — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Kencur or Kaempferia galanga is a source of bioactive compounds that can be used as a functional food. One of the varieties of K. galanga in Indonesia is K. galanga var. Gading. This cultivar originates from Nogosari, Boyolali, Central Java, an area recognized for its relatively high K. galanga production. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Boyolali Regency (2024) show that the productivity of K. galanga in Nogosari District exceeds 8 tons per hectare, making this cultivar one of the promising and widely cultivated varieties in Indonesia.. K. galanga has a short shelf life due to its moisture content; therefore, drying is considered an effective method to reduce its moisture content. This research aimed to determine the effect of drying time and temperature on the quality of K. galanga powder. This research used a factorial design with two factors: drying temperature (50ºC and 60ºC) and drying time (4, 6, 8 hours). K. galanga was washed, sliced, dried, ground, and analyzed for its chemical and microbial properties. The chemical properties included total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while the microbial property was evaluated based on the total plate count. The The results showed that drying temperature at 60 °C for 6 h provided the highest total phenolic content (1.45 mg GAE/100 g w.b.), with antioxidant activities respectively from the tests using DPPH 1.47 mg Trolox/100 g w.b. and 7.90 mg Trolox/100 g w.b. by ABTS, which indicated a moderate antioxidant activity. Moreover, that treatment showed a reduction of 15.93% and a total plate count of 120 CFU/g.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, drying, K. galanga, total plate count